1. Identify and describe the three stages of prenatal development.
   
   
2. Describe the process of fertilization and the formation, implantation, and differentiation of the blastocyst.
   
   
3. Describe the development of the body organs and systems during the embryonic period.
   
   
4. Distinguish between anencephaly and spina bifida and summarize neural development during the embryonic period.
   
   
5. Identify the characteristics of the transition from the embryonic period to the fetal period and describe development during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
   
   
6. Discuss the alternatives available to couples who risk having children with genetic defects and the legal, medical, and social controversy that these options have engendered.
   
   
7. Identify and describe the structures present in the prenatal environment that maintain and support the developing fetus during pregnancy.
   
   
8. Summarize the principles of teratology and illustrate with a concrete example how each contributes to our understanding of the environmental factors that affect human prenatal development.
   
   
9. List and describe various drugs and diseases that are known teratogens and explain the effects of each on development.
   
   
10. List and describe the environmental hazards that can be teratogenic and the effects they have on development.
    
    
11. Describe the various maternal conditions during pregnancy that can have an effect on the developing child.
    
    
12. Describe the various methods for preparing for childbirth and delivering a child.
    
    
13. Describe the stages of labor, the effects of medication during labor, and the differences between a vaginal delivery and a cesarean birth.
    
    
14. Describe and discuss the problems of low-birth-weight infants and the interventions that may help them.
    
    
15. Describe the newborn and discuss the available assessment techniques for determining the newborn's status at birth.
    
    
16. List and describe newborn states.