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Child Development - A Thematic Approach
, Fifth Edition
Danuta Bukatko - College of the Holy Cross
Marvin W. Daehler - University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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| | Concept/Application Questions
Chapter 12:
Self and Values
- Andrea told her nursery school teacher, "I'm a girl, and Vanessa is my best friend." In describing herself this way, Andrea is demonstrating her
- mastery orientation.
- categorical self.
- attribution.
- self-regulation.
- When evaluating their own achievements, younger children often do not take into account information about others' performance. This indicates that they
- do not emphasize social comparisons when evaluating their own abilities.
- are sensitive to the feelings of others.
- have excellent metacognitive skills.
- have a well-developed self-concept.
- Roger, who is two years old, has learned that if he presses the buttons on
the TV remote control the pictures on the screen change. Roger takes great
delight in this activity and apparently enjoys having control over the images
on the TV screen. According to Robert White, Roger is demonstrating
- a mastery orientation.
- attribution.
- delay of gratification.
- effectance motivation.
- Parents who wish to encourage the development of a mastery orientation and
prevent learned helplessness should
- punish their children when they fail to finish their work.
- identify their children's positive ways in approaching problems.
- point out that their children have limited abilities and need to look to
others for assistance.
- emphasize the evaluative component that exists in every test.
- Richard has begun to reflect on what he is to become and to view his own
actions as primarily his own business. The emergence of these kinds of concerns
and attitudes suggest that Richard is _____________________ of age.
- four or five years
- seven or eight years
- ten or eleven years
- thirteen or fourteen years
- A child who can demonstrate delay of gratification will be
- unable to control his or her own behavior.
- able to control his or her own behavior.
- unable to wait to perform a tempting activity.
- unable to comply with instructions concerning his or her behavior.
- Marcia was shopping in a toy store for a birthday present for a friend of
her three-year-old son, Chris. Her son began repeatedly asking her if he
could also get a toy. Marcia will be most successful at getting Chris to stop asking for a toy if she says,
- "Don't ask me again; I said you may not have a toy."
- "If you ask again, you may not have dessert after dinner tonight."
- "Let's talk about what you're going to do at your friend's birthday party."
- nothing, that is, if she ignores Chris's repeated questions.
- Perry and Gwen helped their mother bake chocolate chip cookies. After putting
the freshly baked cookies in the cookie jar, their mother said, "I'm going downstairs for afew minutes. Don't eat any of the cookies. When I get back, you can have some." When the mother returned, she found three cookies missing. When she asked
who misbehaved and ate the cookies, Perry responded, "Gwen was badder. She had two cookies, and I only had one." Perry appears to be in the stage of moral development called
- immanent justice.
- moral relativism.
- conventional morality.
- moral realism.
- Piaget's assertion that cognitive growth underlies changes in moral reasoning
- has not been supported by modern research.
- has received support from modern research.
- has received mixed support from modern research.
- has not yet been adequately tested.
- Kyle and Lester went to Bill's house to look at his baseball card collection. When Bill went to the bathroom,
Kyle suggested that he and Lester take a card while Bill was gone. Lester
did not want to steal the card, saying, "When he finds the card is missing, he'll realize we took it, and he will think we're crooks." Lester is most likely in Kohlberg's
- preconventional level of moral orientation.
- postconventional level of moral orientation.
- conventional level of moral orientation.
- stage of morality of justice.
- Which of the following statements concerning gender differences in moral
development is true?
- Research indicates that no gender differences exist in moral development.
- Gilligan provided strong support for Kohlberg's initial observation of differences in moral development between the sexes.
- Research suggests that sex differences in moral development are found only
in non-Western cultures.
- Debate centers around what constitutes moral reasoning and how or if it differs
in males and females.
- During snack time at nursery school, Alice saw one playmate pull the hair
of another; she also saw her friend Pedro throw his half-eaten pretzel on
the floor. Alice is
- more likely to react to the hair-pulling incident than to the pretzel-throwing
incident.
- more likely to react to the pretzel-throwing incident than to the hair-pulling
incident.
- unlikely to react to either the hair-pulling or the pretzel-throwing incident.
- equally likely to react to the hair-pulling incident and the pretzel-throwing incident.
- Sex differences relating to prosocial behavior and altruism
- are greatest during the preschool years.
- have not been observed in children.
- are few, but girls appear to be more expressive about helping others.
- are greatest during the adolescent years.
- Cross-cultural studies on moral reasoning have observed
- consistent, universal patterns of prosocial reasoning and prosocial behavior.
- cross-cultural differences in prosocial reasoning and prosocial behavior.
- cross-cultural differences in prosocial reasoning but no differences in prosocial
behavior.
- cross-cultural differences in prosocial behavior but no differences in prosocial
reasoning.
- Like most parents, Faye disciplines her children often. Which of the following responses is most likely to encourage the development of prosocial
behavior in her children?
- "Didn't I tell you to share that popcorn with your sister? That's it, mister. You're not playing with your video games today."
- "Don't you listen? I told you not to take your brother's toy without asking first."
- "If you share your candy bar with your little sister, I'll buy you a pack of baseball cards on my way home from work."
- "I guess you're a very good helper and a good big brother. Big boys share their popcorn."
- Patrick has learned that if he bangs pots together, the consequence will
be that his mother will come running. According to Richard White, Patrick
was born with ____________________, which enables him to master his environment.
- effectance motivation
- immanent justice
- conventional reality
- identity
- Lisa, a three year old, is very likely to talk to herself when faced with
a difficult problem. What should her parents think about this tendency?
- They should be concerned because talking to oneself is a sign of an adjustment disorder.
- They should be concerned that it only occurs when she is faced with a problem,
as that is a sign of stress.
- They should not be concerned, as this is a typical behavior.
- They should not be overly concerned, but keep an eye on Lisa, as this may
signal a risk for behavior problems later on.
- Adrienne believes that she failed an exam because she stole some money from
her mothers' pocketbook. What type of moral reasoning is Adrienne exhibiting?
- moral realism or heteronomy.
- immanent justice.
- moral relativism.
- postconventional reasoning.
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