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Child Development - A Thematic Approach
, Fifth Edition
Danuta Bukatko - College of the Holy Cross
Marvin W. Daehler - University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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| | Concept/Application Questions
Chapter 9:
Cognition: Information Processing
- In a study that examined how young children deploy their attention when comparing
two houses with six windows each, Eliane Vurpillot found that the preschoolers
- looked longer at each window than did older children.
- looked at each window before deciding whether the two houses were identical.
- stopped scanning the windows as soon as they noticed a difference between
the two houses.
- scanned the windows haphazardly and made decisions about similarity without comparing each pair of windows between
the two houses.
- Cheryl is five years older than her brother and is much better able than
he to ignore irrelevant details when engaged in an activity. Cheryl has developed
- object permanence.
- semantic memory.
- selective attention.
- metacognition.
- Twelve-year-old Mandy is better able than her six-year-old sister, Maureen, to
- pay attention to two different stimuli at the same time.
- recall the irrelevant dimensions of a task.
- focus her attention on one dimension of a task and ignore any irrelevant dimensions.
- recall words at the end of a long list.
- Jared is a first-grader who has difficulty sitting still, has trouble getting
along with others, has difficulty focusing on one task for very long, and is easily distracted.
It is possible that Jared has
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
- metacognitive disorder.
- short-term memory disorder.
- autism.
- Rebecca has a vivid memory of her fifth birthday party because her dog jumped up on the table and ate her birthday cake. Rebecca's memory is referred to as _____________________ memory.
- semantic
- short-term
- working
- episodic
- Three-month-old Allysa's mother tied a helium balloon to Allysa's foot so that when Allysa moved her foot, the balloon bobbed up and down. After a few
minutes, Allysa was kicking her foot vigorously to make the balloon move.
A week later Allysa's mother tried this again with her daughter. This time, when she tied the
balloon to Allysa's foot, Allysa
- did not remember that she had kicked her foot to move the balloon and had
to learn to do it all over again.
- remembered that she could kick to move the balloon and started to kick vigorously
as soon as she saw the balloon above her.
- cried when her mother tied the balloon to her foot.
- showed evidence of having habituated to the balloon and therefore paid no
attention to it.
- Philippe realizes that it is easier for him to remember a short list of words
than a long list. Philippe is showing
- metamemory.
- object permanence.
- episodic memory.
- selective attention.
- Moira is three years old and has been to a number of birthday parties for other children. Moira's grandmother asked her to recall what happened at her own birthday party
last month. Moira is likely to
- not remember what she did at her party because one month is too long a time period for a three-year-old
to recall information about an event.
- remember quite a lot about her birthday party because she can rely on her party script, which can help her recall the details of temporally ordered events
such as birthday parties.
- remember very little about her birthday party because she is not able to
organize the information in her long-term memory.
- remember little about her birthday party because she probably did not elaborate
the information sufficiently for later recall.
- Children younger than two to three years of age may experience infantile amnesia for all but which
of the following reasons?
- Inability to encode information in a form that can be easily remembered at
later ages.
- Lack of an understanding of self that permits events to be connected to the
emergence of autobiographical memory.
- Memory capacities so limited that there is little evidence for memory prior to this age.
- Inability to formulate remembered events into narrative structures before
this age, which makes it difficult to report personal experiences.
- Research on children's ability to provide eyewitness testimony has found that
- repeated questions that require yes-no answers are unlikely to introduce
errors in eyewitness testimony.
- misinformation provided by an adult is more likely to distort a preschooler's memory than that provided by another child.
- dolls and props used to enact past events are unlikely to foster false reports in young
children.
- preschoolers usually cannot remember an event with any accuracy and therefore
are very poor eyewitnesses.
- Research on brain development and memory
- has begun to link aspects of memory and its development to particular structures
and regions of the brain.
- reveals that episodic memory is located in the left hemisphere and semantic
memory in the right hemisphere.
- indicates that recognition memory takes place in the temporal and prefrontal lobes of the brain.
- has failed to reveal any brain structures associated with recognition memory,
but has shown that recall memory is related to the hippocampus.
- Five-year-old Nad is trying to solve a pencil maze in his new activity book.
Nad is likely to
- be unable to solve the maze because he cannot mentally represent the maze symbolically.
- be unable to solve the maze because he cannot select an appropriate strategy.
- begin to go through the maze with the pencil without first planning his route.
- plan the entire route through the maze before drawing it.
- Research on the development of scientific thinking indicates that
- Piaget was correct in claiming that scientific reasoning is not possible
until early adolescence.
- most limitations in performance on scientific thinking tasks are a function of poor memory capacities.
- children are limited in their scientific thinking because they are unable
to determine when evidence supports or does not support a hypothesis.
- older children are more systematic in proposing and testing their hypotheses
than younger children.
- Dr. Jones believes that memory consists of several mental structures that
process information. In other words, he believes in a _______________ model of memory.
- multistore
- limited resource
- working memory
- executive control
- If Lakesha's grandmother wanted to test her episodic memory, she should ask the following
question:
- "How many letters are there in the alphabet?"
- "Do you remember what I told you to get from the kitchen a few minutes ago?"
- "Have you ever seen this picture before?"
- "What did you do at the zoo yesterday?"
- Xin can recite the alphabet much faster than most of his classmates. Xin
evidently has a_______________ than other children his age.
- larger memory span.
- faster processing speed.
- larger working memory.
- faster executive control.
- Donatella is trying to remember what she needs at the grocery store by imagining
a can of tomato soup dancing on a block of cheese, with a loaf of bread cheering
in the background. In other words, Donatella is using a _______________ memory technique.
- rehearsal.
- production deficiency.
- elaboration.
- metacognitive.
- Who is likely to have the most early childhood, autobiographical memories?
- Sung Hee, a Korean girl.
- Amanda, an American girl.
- Lucy, a Chinese girl.
- ethnicity does not play a role in availability of childhood memories.
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