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Child Development - A Thematic Approach
, Fifth Edition
Danuta Bukatko - College of the Holy Cross
Marvin W. Daehler - University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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| | Concept/Application Questions
Chapter 8:
Cognition: Piaget and Vygotsky
- Talia cried when her mother took candy away from her and placed it in her
pocket. Talia reached into her mother's pocket to retrieve the hidden candy from it. Talia's behavior indicates that she is displaying
- circular reactions.
- conservation.
- object permanence.
- egocentrism.
- Oliver has begun to talk about things he finds interesting, indicating that
he can represent the world symbolically. According to Piaget, Oliver has
- reached the formal operational stage.
- reached the preoperational stage.
- reached the concrete operational stage.
- developed deductive reasoning.
- Salvatore has reached the concrete operational stage, as evidenced by his ability to solve conservation problems. One reason Salvatore can solve
conservation problems is that he can perform the mental operation of
- reversibility.
- centration.
- analogical transfer.
- deductive reasoning.
- Sandra is a teenager whose boyfriend just told her that he doesn't want to date her anymore. Brokenhearted, Sandra tells her parents, who
reply that she will get over her sadness when she meets someone else. Sandra
cries, "You don't understand, you've never felt like this!" Sandra's belief that she is the only one who has experienced heartache over lost love is referred
to as
- the imaginary audience.
- artificialism.
- the personal fable.
- realism.
- One criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that
- he overestimated the abilities of young children.
- he underestimated the abilities of young children.
- there appear to be more than four qualitative stages of cognitive growth.
- cognitive development does not appear to depend on the maturation of the
central nervous system, as Piaget presumed.
- Adele Diamond has found that when seven-to-nine-month-old infants make the "A, not B" error, they reach for the object at location A
- but they look at location B.
- and they look at location A.
- and then search for the object at location B.
- and then look to their parents for help in finding the hidden object.
- Chantal has been asked by her mother to put away all of the toys in her farm
set. She first puts away a tractor, a combine, another tractor, and the baler.
Then she puts away a chicken, a cow, a rooster, and the sheep. Finally she puts away the bushels of corn, some bales
of hay, the cans of milk, and some more bales of hay. Chantal is displaying
- a superordinate level of classification in her behavior.
- a thematic level of classification in her behavior.
- a basic level of classification in her behavior.
- the ability to sort objects into natural domains.
- Maria grew up in America and has had much more formal schooling than Pablo,
who grew up in Mexico. Which of the following pairs of items is Maria most likely to group together?
- Pitchfork and hay.
- Pitchfork and shovel.
- Chicken and egg.
- Chicken and basket.
- John Flavell has identified two levels of visual perspective taking. Children
under three years of age ___________________, whereas children older than four or five years __________________.
- do not distinguish between their own views and those of another person; realize
their own views differ from another's view
- distinguish between their own views and those of another person; do not distinguish
between their own views and those of another person
- do not distinguish between their own views and those of another person; do not distinguish between their own
views and those of another person until they enter school
- distinguish between their own views and those of another person; can specify more precisely the differences between their own viewpoints and those
of another person
- Sherry's mother had put her son's baseball and bat in the closet and then went outside. Sherry watches as
her big brother Sean moves his baseball and bat from the closet to his room. Sherry thinks that
her mother will know that the baseball and bat are now in Sean's room even though her mother did not see Sean move them. Sherry does not
realize that her mother has a(n) _____________________ and that mental states do not necessarily match external reality.
- theory of mind
- false belief
- egocentric perspective
- omniscient mind
- Childhood autism is a psychological disorder characterized by a lack of social
skills, poor language abilities, and a preference to be isolated from others.
One contributing factor to why children display autism may be that they lack
- a "theory of mind," which prevents them from thinking about mental states.
- concrete operational thought, which prevents them from thinking logically about the physical world.
- configurational knowledge, which prevents them from representing the physical
layout of the environment in their heads.
- good memory skills, which prevents them from remembering words and people.
- According to Vygotsky, social activity is critical for learning. By this
he means that
- reinforcement is necessary for learning to occur.
- neutral stimuli can come to elicit responses after being paired with stimuli
that reflexively lead to a response.
- formal and informal interactions with other people contribute to knowledge
acquisition.
- the absence of social stimulation leads to severe and permanent perceptual deficits.
- The most effective assistance a child can receive is that given on a task
just slightly beyond his or her capacities. This concept is referred to as
- social activity.
- the externality effect.
- categorical learning.
- the zone of proximal development.
- The success of reciprocal teaching, according to advocates who support Vygotsky's view, is probably linked to
- a proper scaffolding created by the teacher.
- timely reinforcement administered by the teacher for successful solutions
to problems.
- the carefully organized sequence in which materials are described to students.
- the training of teachers who are sympathetic and responsive to students.
- 3 month old Sandi watched as a magician seemed to pass a stick through a glass of water. She was laughed and seemed amazed at this
feat, indicating she had grasped the concept of _______________
- object permanence.
- core knowledge.
- cardinality.
- solidity.
- If a two year old sees her sister take candy out of a box and put rocks inside the box instead, what will she think that a person outside the room would
think when they saw the candy box?
- Nothing, two year olds would not realize that the objects still exist outside
the room.
- The person outside the room will think there is candy in the box.
- The person outside the room will think there are rocks in the box.
- Can't tell from the information provided.
- Lisa is skilled in reciprocal teaching. This means she will do all of the
following EXCEPT:
- continue to give detailed directions to children as they progress in the task.
- give children tasks that are slightly ahead of the children's capabilities.
- tailor lessons to individual differences in children.
- provide help to the children as they try to complete their tasks.
- Four year old Patrick and eight old Jan are participating in a study examining their understanding of natural kinds. The experimenter
tells them that humans have "mitochondria" and then asks if monkeys and snakes also have mitochondria. What is the
probable pattern of responses?
- Patrick and Jan will say monkeys have mitochondria, but not snakes.
- Patrick and Jan will say snakes have mitochondria, but not monkeys
- Patrick will say that monkeys have mitochondria, and Jan will say both have
mitochondria.
- Jan will say that monkeys have mitochondria, and Patrick will say both have
mitochondria.
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