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Child Development - A Thematic Approach
, Fifth Edition
Danuta Bukatko - College of the Holy Cross
Marvin W. Daehler - University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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| | Concept/Application Questions
Chapter 6:
Basic Learning and Perception
- When Cassy was brought home from the hospital, the family dog barked, which
startled Cassy and made her cry. After hearing the dog bark many times, however, Cassy
no longer startles when the dog barks. This illustrates the process of
- habituation.
- classical conditioning.
- operant conditioning.
- imitation.
- David stuck a fork in an electrical socket and got a shock. At the same time he did that, he heard the song "Always" playing on the radio. The next time he heard the song, he started to cry.
The song "Always" is the
- conditioned response.
- unconditioned response.
- conditioned stimulus.
- unconditioned stimulus.
- Each time Trish's mother fed her a bottle, she would sing "Rock-a-Bye Baby" to her. Now, when Trish hears her mother singing "Rock-a-Bye Baby," she starts sucking, even if the bottle is not present. The song is a(n)
- positive reinforcer.
- unconditioned stimulus.
- conditioned stimulus.
- conditioned response.
- Whenever Colin kicked his feet while in his crib, his mobile would shake.
Colin learned to kick his feet hard to make the mobile shake vigorously.
This kind of learning is referred to as
- classical conditioning.
- operant conditioning.
- imitation.
- observational learning.
- In initiating a delayed-responding technique to encourage an older infant
or a younger child to fall asleep, parents should
- play active games just before bedtime to help the child become tired.
- rock the child to sleep to ensure that she or he receives enough attention.
- provide an alternative place in the living room where the child may fall asleep
in the company of the parents.
- check to see that the child is all right and needs no physical care before
implementing a procedure involving increasingly longer and longer durations before responding.
- The appearance of deferred imitation is especially interesting to psychologists
because it is often used to mark the earliest developmental evidence for
- learning by means of habituation.
- long-term memory and symbolic capacities.
- intermodal perception involving vision and touch.
- social exchanges between young children.
- Preferential behavior and habituation share an emphasis on _____________________ as the dependent measure to study visual capacities, whereas operant conditioning
is concerned with _____________________ as the dependent measure.
- learning; attention
- intermodal perception; learning
- attention; learning
- learning; intermodal perception
- When they check photos of Benjamin, his parents notice that their one-year-old's eyes sometimes appear to be crossed, that is, not turned together to focus
on where Benjamin is looking. This condition could lead to
- poor visual acuity.
- some loss in depth perception.
- limited color vision.
- poor intellectual development.
- Matthew is one month old. When he looks at his mother, he most likely looks
at her
- eyes.
- mouth.
- smile.
- hair.
- Carlos is nine months old and has been crawling for about a month. When Carlos's mother places him on the bed while she is cleaning the floor, Carlos crawls
to the edge of the bed and most likely will
- crawl off the edge of the bed because he has not developed a fear of falling.
- crawl off the edge of the bed even though he may be frightened by the drop.
- stop at the edge of the bed and not crawl off because he can perceive the
drop and has developed a fear of falling.
- stop at the edge, look down, and then continue to crawl because he has not yet developed the binocular perception
necessary to perceive the drop to the floor.
- In a study of prenatal auditory abilities, DeCasper and Spence found that
- newborns could not discriminate between their mothers' voices and their fathers' voices.
- newborns could discriminate between a recording of their mothers' voices reading a passage that the mothers had read aloud repeatedly during pregnancy
and one that they had not read aloud while pregnant.
- newborns failed to discriminate between a recording of their mothers' voices reading a passage that the mothers had read aloud repeatedly during
pregnancy and one that they had not read aloud while pregnant.
- newborns could not discriminate between their mothers' voices and a stranger's voice.
- Based on our current knowledge of infant preferences for sounds, to which
of the following sequences would they most likely prefer to listen?
- A single intermittent tone played at the same rate.
- A piece of classical music played in reverse order.
- A piece of classical music where the various segments of the music have been ordered randomly.
- A piece of classical music played normally.
- Which of the following infants is most likely to be able to discriminate the most phonemes in language around the world?
- Six-month-old Jason, whose parents speak both English and German.
- Twelve-month-old Ephraim, whose parents speak both Arabic and Hebrew.
- Eighteen-month-old Henri, whose parents speak only French.
- Two-year-old Pablo, whose parents speak both Spanish and Portuguese.
- When Karen was three weeks old, she developed an infection and had to take
an oral medication that was somewhat bitter tasting. Karen most likely
- took the medicine without a problem.
- sucked the medicine vigorously.
- tried to spit the medicine out.
- took the medicine in her mouth and made a facial expression that suggested
disgust.
- Jeremiah's parents face the dilemma of whether to have their newborn son receive some
kind of pain-reducing medication during a minor operation that he needs. One compromise they might wish
to consider is
- having the operation performed as quickly after birth as possible before
any brain centers that detect pain are developed.
- providing sucrose or some other sweet-tasting solution that encourages the
release of the infant's own pain inhibitors during the operation.
- undertaking an alternative, less effective procedure that addresses the medical
problem but is less distressing to the infant.
- exposing the infant to gradually increasing amounts of painful stimulation in anticipation of the operation so that he will be habituated
to such experiences.
- Research with four-month-old infants indicates that they
- are not able to discriminate a film synchronized with the soundtrack from
one that is not in synch with the soundtrack.
- prefer to look at a film with a synchronized soundtrack rather than one that is not in synch with the soundtrack.
- can discriminate the two films but show no preference for one over the other.
- do not recognize their own mothers on film if the mothers' voices are projected from a speaker in a manner that is out of synch with
the film.
- Janet is four years old. She can identify some letters of the alphabet, but
has trouble distinguishing between b and d. Most likely Janet
- has a learning disability and will always have trouble reading.
- will learn to distinguish between reversals of letters with repeated experience.
- was not reinforced for distinguishing between reversals of letterlike figures
prior to this time.
- has a visual perception deficit.
- Larry is throwing a temper tantrum. His mother threatens to take away his
toy drum if he continues, so Larry stops the tantrum. Taking away the toy
drum is an example of _______________.
- positive punishment
- negative punishment
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- Barbara is convinced that her newborn prefers the way she smells compared
to other adults. Research would indicate that:
- Barbara is incorrect, infants are not attuned to smell until 4 months.
- Barbara is incorrect, can not make such fine-tuned distinctions.
- Barbara is correct that infants can distinguish such smells, but do not show a preference.
- Barbara is correct.
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