The correct answer appears first and is boldface.

1. b. A crowd is a large group of peers that is characterized by specific traits or reputation. Because Irving and Craig are both described as "brains," we can say that they belong to the same crowd.

a. A clique is a group of five to ten children who frequently interact with one another. Because Irving and Craig spend little time together, they are not part of the same clique.

c. Gang is not a psychological term. Moreover, Irving and Craig do not spend time together as gang members do.

d. A link is a cooperative group experience in the former Soviet Union. Irving and Craig are not a part of a link.

2. d. Studies suggest that intergroup hostilities decrease when the feuding groups are made to work together to achieve a common goal such as building a new playground.

a. Studies suggest that intergroup hostilities do not decrease when the two groups are forced to share activities.

b. Studies suggest that organized competitions increase intergroup hostilities.

c. Although this may appear to be a plausible solution, it is unclear how the camp counselors can ensure that the original groups remain apart.

3. a. The results of the Robber's Cave Study suggest that when antagonistic groups work together to achieve a common goal, hostilities decrease.

b. The results of the Robber's Cave Study suggest that although losing in competitive activities may initially lead to intragroup conflict, group identity eventually strengthens.

c. The results of the Robber's Cave Study suggest that forcing rival groups to share activities does not reduce intergroup hostilities.

d. The results of the Robber's Cave Study suggest that participation in competitive contests usually increases intergroup hostilities.

4. d. Although adolescents reported relatively little peer pressure toward misconduct, older adolescents reported more pressure to misbehave than did younger adolescents.

a. Peer pressure is a real and robust phenomenon.

b. Vulnerability to peer pressure peaks in early adolescence and begins to decline in later adolescence.

c. Adolescents reported pressure to engage in misconduct to be the least of the pressures exerted by their peers.

5. b. Children are most likely to imitate other children who are older and more competent. Since boys are also unlikely to follow the activities of a member of the opposite sex, Evan is the most likely child that Gary will imitate.

a. Todd is younger than Gary and also less likely to be perceived as competent than Evan.

c. Janice is younger than Gary and less likely to be perceived as competent than a twelve-year-old. In addition, because she is a girl, Gary is less likely to imitate her activity.

d. Kerry is older than Gary and may be very competent in the activity in which she is engaged. However, because she is a girl, Gary is less likely to imitate her behavior than the behavior of Evan.

6. a. Jo Anne, like most children labeled as popular, is likely to receive more positive than negative nominations.

b. Jo Anne would receive a high number of positive and negative nominations if she were a controversial child.

c. Teacher rankings are not determined in sociometric nominations.

d. Behavioral observations are not made in sociometric nominations.

7. c. Unpopular children are more likely to make irrelevant comments. Because this statement is unrelated to playing house, it suggests that an unpopular child said it.

a. Although this statement is somewhat confrontational, it is relevant to the activity and does not necessarily suggest that the child is unpopular.

b. This statement is relevant to the task at hand, playing house; therefore, it is somewhat less likely to be said by an unpopular child.

d. This statement is relevant to the task at hand, playing house; therefore, it is somewhat less likely to be said by an unpopular child.

8. a. Parental style may influence the likelihood of social withdrawal, but contrary to an authoritative style in which parents set limits and provide a supportive relationship, it is parents who are highly controlling and directive who are more likely to have children who are socially withdrawn.

b. Because children who lack skills for entering into a social situation are more likely to express aggression in their interactions with others, these children are at greater risk for becoming isolated and socially withdrawn from others.

c. Some children are born with a shy temperament and, especially if their early social interactions are not positive, may become socially withdrawn.

d. Although children often prefer to be by themselves, when such a pattern persists into later childhood, the risk for social withdrawal increases.

9. c. Studies examining mother-child interactions suggest that mothers of unpopular children have behaviors that resemble their children's behavior.

a. Studies suggest that parents have important influences on their children's social competence.

b. There are no indications that mothers influence children's social competence more than fathers do.

d. Mothers of unpopular children display behaviors that resemble their children's behaviors.

10. c. When children are encouraged to develop skills that communicate an ability to react to the threats of aggressors, victimization tends to decrease.

a. Victims of aggression often do give in to their aggressors, which seems to reinforce continuation of that behavior by bullies.

b. Victims of aggression need to become friends with others to help them counter the loneliness and depression that often accompany victimization.

d. Children who are victims often continue to be recipients of aggression because they do not react to the bullies; aggressive behavior often does not simply extinguish.

11. c. Cross-sex friendships in fifth-graders are rare. Moreover, fifth-graders often openly resist the idea that they may have an opposite-sex friend.

a. Although preschoolers usually spend more time with same-sex peers than with opposite-sex peers, they do not resist the idea that they may have a friend of the opposite sex.

b. Although first-graders usually spend more time with same-sex peers than with opposite-sex peers, they do not resist the idea that they may have a friend of the opposite sex.

d. Cross-sex friendships increase in high school; therefore, tenth-graders are less likely to resist the idea that they may have an opposite-sex friend.

12. c. Girls generally tend to have a smaller network of friends and their friendships are based on intensive communication and interpersonal relationships.

a. Boys, not girls, tend to have a larger network of friends although girls' friendships do tend to be organized around intensive communication and interpersonal relationships.

b. Boys, not girls, tend to have a larger network of friends organized around group activities such as sports.

d. Girls generally tend to have a smaller network of friends, but they are more likely to be based on intensive communication and interpersonal relationships rather than group activities.

13. b. The older child's more complex reasoning abilities are assumed to permit more understanding of mutual sharing and greater self-disclosure.

a. The concept of sharing emerges early; young children conceptualize sharing concretely.

c. Upon entering adolescence, the child's identity is still developing.

d. The older child's more elaborate reasoning capabilities, not direct instruction from parents, are assumed to pave the way for abstract concepts of friendship.

14. c. The sharing of affection and emotional support among friends appears to help protect children from anxiety and stress.

a. When children are in conflict with friends, they are more likely to resolve the conflict than to let it escalate.

b. Children who have close and intimate friendships have higher self-esteem and are more sociable; thus, there is no reason to expect that conflict with family members will increase. However, the particular type of friends adolescents have may be a factor in conflict with the family.

d. Friendships provide strong social and emotional support.

15. b. Parallel play consists of children doing the same activity, with little interaction. It is a typical pattern seen in preschool.

a. Solitary play is when children seem completely unaware of other children in the play environment and each child "does their own thing". Wendi and Amy are described as engaging in similar types of play with knowledge that the other child is there.

c. This is not true cooperative play. Cooperative play occurs when children actively play with each other, each contributing to the game.

d. Social pretend play occurs when children play "make believe". There is no indication in the description that Wendi and Amy are engaging in such play.

16. d. Recent research reveals that rough and tumble play involving rejected children can lead to real aggression, therefore, the monitor should consider what the status of the two boys are when deciding to intervene.

a. Rough and tumble play is a typical form of play and does not always lead to real aggression.

b. Rough and tumble play is fairly typical for young children, especially boys. However, see description above for when it might not be healthy.

c. Rough and tumble play can lead to more organized type of play, for children in non-rejected category.

17. a. Preschoolers conception of friendship often revolves around the fact that similarities exist between friends.

b. Although both children have a common characteristic, cross-sex friendships are less likely in preschoolers than same sex friendships. Therefore, it is less likely that Joe will utter this statement about a girl (She's my friend).

c. See explanation in b.

d. Preschoolers form friendships on the basis of physical similarities. As children get older, they start to focus on psychological aspects of friendships.

18. a. A rejected child has poor social skills, and will often interpret actions are being directed against them personally.

b. A popular child has good social and emotional skills and is less likely to interpret situations as purposefully directed against them.

c. Rejected children are more likely than popular children to make this attribution.

d. Rejected children are more likely than popular children to make this attribution.