The correct answer appears first and is boldface.

1. c. Sharona's parents expect Sharona to behave in a mature fashion and communicate their expectations clearly; these are characteristics of an authoritative parenting style.

a. Authoritarian parents demand obedience to commands and often rely on coercive techniques. Sharona's parents are clearly not authoritarian.

b. Permissive parents place few demands on their children. Because Sharona's parents set rules and limits, they clearly are not permissive.

d. Uninvolved parents are uncommitted to their parental role and emotionally detached from their children. Sharona's parents are clearly not uninvolved parents.

2. b. With young preschoolers, most parents use power assertion techniques to control defiant behaviors. As the children get older and become more autonomous, parents use induction techniques more frequently.

a. Most parents tend to use physical means, not induction, to control their younger preschoolers. As children get older, parents use induction more often.

c. Most parents tend to use physical means, not induction, to control their younger preschoolers. Love withdrawal as a control technique is used infrequently by parents of young children.

d. Love withdrawal as a control technique is used infrequently by parents of young children.

3. c. Children with a history of abuse are more likely to display extreme emotional characteristics such as withdrawal or aggressive patterns of behavior.

a. Abused children are likely to be anxiously attached to their mothers.

b. Children with a history of abuse score lower on tests of cognitive maturity and exhibit learning problems in school.

d. Abused children are more likely to become abusive parents than are children with no history of abuse.

4. c. Japanese mothers rely on induction techniques more often than on power-assertion techniques.

a. Japanese mothers are less likely to use power-assertion techniques.

b. Japanese mothers emphasize responsibility and commitment to others and thus are less likely to use punishment to control their children's behavior.

d. Because Japanese mothers do not rely on power-assertion techniques to control their children's behavior, they are less likely to physically abuse their children.

5. b. Studies show that fathers are as likely as mothers are to hold, touch, and vocalize to their infants.

a. Fathers are as responsive to their infants as mothers are.

c. Because Tai's father is the primary caregiver, it is unlikely that he spends less time with Tai than her mother does.

d. Like mothers, fathers have significant influences on many aspects of their children's development, particularly if they are the primary caregiver.

6. c. The contemporary view describes good fathering as resembling good mothering. Thus, any child (particularly boys) who loses a parent loses a source of emotional and financial support.

a. Contemporary views on the influence of the father place less emphasis on his importance as an identification figure.

b. There is no evidence suggesting that fathers have better parenting skills than mothers do.

d. Contemporary views of the influence of the father place less emphasis on his importance as a masculine role model and more on his importance as a supportive parent.

7. c. In many cultures, fathers are not encouraged to engage in child-rearing activities and, as a consequence, may neither learn nor participate in them as much as mothers do.

a. Identification with fathers, especially for boys, can be powerful, as Freudian and other theoretical orientations have suggested. In fact, in Freudian theory, identification of boys with fathers was often assumed to be stronger than identification of girls with mothers.

b. Research indicates that fathers are every bit as capable of caring for and being responsive to their children as mothers are.

d. Although fathers do engage in more physical and unpredictable play behavior with their children, no evidence exists to indicate that these activities make fathers less positive or nurturant caregivers than mothers.

8. d. Negative relationships between siblings are likely to develop if the older sibling experiences a sharp drop in maternal contact.

a. Sibling rivalries usually are found when opportunities to gain attention from the parent drop, rather than increase.

b. A drop in maternal contact is most likely to lead to a hostile and aggressive pattern of interaction, not a friendly and positive one.

c. A hostile and aggressive pattern of interaction is most likely to occur following a drop in maternal contact. Moreover, a child's contact with the mother is highly unlikely to increase following the birth of a sibling.

9. c. Because both of Jonah's parents work, Jonah has the opportunity to see both parents in multiple roles and therefore is more likely to develop egalitarian beliefs.

a. No studies report a link between maternal employment and delinquent behavior.

b. Boys whose mothers work outside the home are likely to see both sexes as competent.

d. Studies show a strong effect of maternal employment on gender-role attitudes of sons and daughters; thus, Jonah's views are likely to differ from Jack's views.

10. a. Research has found that a woman's attitude toward mothering is most positive when she is satisfied with her choice of working or staying at home. Norma appears to prefer staying home with her children and therefore is likely to have the most positive attitude toward mothering and interacting with them.

b. Women who are forced to work when they would prefer to be at home with their children experience great stress, which leads to negative maternal attitudes and family interactions.

c. Mothers who stay at home but would prefer to be working outside the home tend to be depressed and to find mothering stressful.

d. Mothers who must work because of divorce or other financial hardships experience stress, which leads to negative maternal attitudes and a negative family climate.

11. c. Some researchers report that day care children outperform children raised at home on tests of IQ and language ability.

a. Day care does not have a severe negative impact on a child's development. In fact, few differences between children raised in day care and children raised at home have been found.

b. One area in which day care children have been observed to differ from children reared at home is in performance on standardized IQ tests, but the day care children do better, not worse.

d. Day care has few negative effects on children. In fact, day care children are socially competent and show greater self-confidence and independence.

12. a. Many of the negative effects of divorce diminish two years after the divorce, particularly for girls. However, the impact of divorce on some children can be long-term.

b. Divorce has substantial negative effects on children, especially during the first year after the divorce and particularly in boys.

c. The negative effects of divorce are most pronounced during the first year and diminish after two years.

d. Boys appear to have more difficulty adjusting to divorce than do girls.

13. a. Research indicates that the worst period for children following the divorce of parents is the first year. Therefore, it is likely that Donald has not yet adjusted to his parents' divorce.

b. The effects of divorce on children typically begin to diminish two years following the divorce.

c. In some studies, boys of divorced parents were found to have problems at home and in school for a number of years following the divorce.

d. Although remarriage may have similar consequences for children as divorce, the difficulty of adjusting to this new family composition is normally not harder.

14. a. Uninvolved or neglectful parents are emotionally detached from their children, and give greater priority to their own needs than to their children's needs.

b. Authoritarian parents are typically quite coercive and would be involved in their children's lives.

c. Permissive parents tend to make few demands on their children for mature behavior, but are not necessarily unhappy they are parents.

d. Authoritative parents are very warm and supportive in their interactions with their children.

15. b. The systems approach to families explicitly includes the fact that families are comprised of members who mutually interact with each other. These interactions can then affect other family members. For instance, parent-parent interaction may affect parent-child interaction.

a .Instrumental competence is a typical outcome for authoritative parents, and results in children who show high levels of independence and self-control.

c. Although the family does act as a socialization agent, the phrase allows for a more specific answer of systems approach to family dynamics.

d. Child abuse can be found in families, but this phrase in and of itself would not suggest that child abuse was being discussed.

16. c. A high level of psychological control is being described here. Parents who show psychological control limit the growing autonomy of children, and can result in negative interactions.

a. Parental control is being showed here, however the description specifically allows for the selection of psychological control. Parental control can be many things, and is too vague an answer for this questions.

b. Behavioral control occurs when a parent tries to monitor and regulate the child's action. The fact that Toshio's parents don't like it when he makes decisions suggests more than simple behavioral control.

d. Instrumental control is not discussed in this chapter. Instrumental competence is discussed; when a child shows high levels of independence and self-control. It is unlikely that Toshio would develop instrumental competence.

17. b. Lower income parents tend to adopt a "tell" style of interactions; they more frequently utter commands and give positive reinforcement less often.

a. Middle income parents are more likely to use explanations and give positive reinforcement in verbal interactions with their children.

c. Upper income parents show the same interaction styles as middle income parents.

d. Although many factors may influence interaction styles, based on the information given in this example one may infer parental income level.

18. a. Oldest children typically are more obedient, more socially responsible, and score higher on intelligence tests than their younger siblings.

b. Birth order effects for middle siblings are not described in this chapter.

c. Younger children tend to have better peer relations than older siblings, but do not typically show higher levels of obedience.