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Child Development - A Thematic Approach
, Fifth Edition
Danuta Bukatko - College of the Holy Cross
Marvin W. Daehler - University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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| | Glossary Terms
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C | D | E |
F | G | H |
I | J | K |
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X | Y | Z
Altruism
Behavior carried out to help another without expectation of reward.
Categorical self
Conceptual process, starting in the early preschool years, in which the child begins to classify himself or herself according to easily observable categories such as sex, age, or physical capacities.
Conscience
In Freudian theory, the part of the superego that defines unacceptable behaviors and actions, usually as also defined by the parents.
Conventional level
In Kohlberg’s theory, the second level of moral reasoning, in which the child conforms to the norms of the majority and wishes to preserve the social order.
Delay of gratification
Capacity to wait before performing a tempting activity or attaining some highly desired outcome; a measure of ability to regulate one’s own behavior.
Effectance motivation
Inborn desire theorized by Robert White to be the basis for the infant’s and child’s efforts to master and gain control of the environment.
Ego ideal
In Freudian theory, the part of the superego that defines the positive standards for which an individual strives; acquired via parental rewarding of desired behaviors.
Empathy
An understanding and sharing of the feelings of others.
Ethnic identity
The sense of belonging to a particular cultural group.
Identity (personal)
Broad, coherent, internalized view of who a person is and what a person wants to be, believes, and values that emerges during adolescence.
Identity crisis
Period, usually during adolescence, characterized by considerable uncertainty about the self and the role the individual is to fulfill in society.
Immanent justice
Young child’s belief that punishment will inevitably follow a transgression.
Induction
Parental control technique that relies on the extensive use of reasoning and explanation as well as the arousal of empathic feelings.
Learned helplessness
Belief that one has little control over situations, perhaps because of lack of ability or inconsistent outcomes.
Mastery orientation
Belief that achievements are based on one’s own efforts rather than on luck or other factors beyond one’s control.
Moral realism
In Piaget’s theory of moral development, the first stage of moral reasoning, in which moral judgments are made on the basis of the consequences of an act. Also called heteronomy.
Moral relativism
In Piaget’s theory of moral development, the second stage of moral reasoning, in which moral judgments are made on the basis of the actor’s intentions. Also called autonomy.
Morality of care and responsibility
Tendency to make moral judgments on the basis of concern for others.
Morality of justice
Tendency to make moral judgments on the basis of reason and abstract principles of equity.
Postconventional level
In Kohlberg’s theory, the third level of moral reasoning, in which laws are seen as the result of a social contract and individual principles of conscience may emerge.
Power assertion
Parental control technique that relies on the use of forceful commands, physical punishment, and removal of material objects or privileges.
Preconventional level
In Kohlberg’s theory, the first level of moral reasoning, in which morality is motivated by the avoidance of punishments and attainment of rewards.
Prosocial behavior
Positive social action performed to benefit others.
Self
Realization of being an independent, unique, stable, and self-reflective entity; the beliefs, knowledge, feelings, and characteristics the individual ascribes to himself or herself.
Self-concept
Perceptions, conceptions, and values one holds about oneself.
Self-control
Ability to comply with sociocultural prescriptions concerning ethical or moral behavior.
Self-esteem
One’s feelings of worth; extent to which one senses one’s attributes and actions are good, desired, and valued.
Self-regulation
Process by which children come to control their own behaviors in accordance with the standards of their caregivers and community, especially in the absence of other adults.
Social comparison
Process in which individuals define themselves in relation to the skills, attributes, and qualities of others; an important contributor to self-concept during middle childhood.
Social conventions
Behavioral rules that regulate social interactions, such as dress codes and degrees of formality in speech.
Superego
In Freudian theory, a mental structure that monitors socially acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
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