CHAPTER 14
Personality

1. Define personality. (see introductory section)
   
   
2. Describe the assumptions of Freud's psychodynamic approach to personality. (see The Psychodynamic Approach)
   
   
3. Define and describe the nature and function of the id, ego, and superego. Define libido, the pleasure principle, and the reality principle. (see Id, Ego, and Superego)
   
   
4. Define defense mechanism. Explain the purpose and give examples of defense mechanisms. (see Conflicts and Defenses)
   
   
5. Name, define, and describe the psychosexual stages of personality development. Compare and contrast the Oedipus and Electra complexes. (see Stages in Personality Development)
   
   
6. Explain some of the neo-Freudian variations on Freud's theory. Include Jung's, Adler's, and Horney's ideas. (see Variations on Freud's Personality Theory)
   
   
7. Define object relations. Describe contemporary psychodynamic theory's emphasis on object relations to help explain personality development. (see Contemporary Psychodynamic Theories)
   
   
8. Describe some applications and criticisms of the psychodynamic approach to personality. (see Evaluation of the Psychodynamic Approach)
   
   
9. Describe the three basic assumptions of the trait approach to personality. (see The Trait Approach)
   
   
10. Distinguish between a trait and a type. (see Traits vs. Types)
    
    
11. Compare and contrast Allport's trait theory and the big-five model. (see Allport's Trait Theory; see also The "Big-Five" Model of Personality)
    
    
12. Describe biological trait theories. Compare and contrast Eysenck's biological trait theory and Gray's Approach-Inhibition Theory. Define behavioral approach system and behavioral inhibition system. (see Biological Trait Theories)
    
    
13. Explain the controversy surrounding the role of heredity in personality development. Discuss the twin and adoptive children research. (see Thinking Critically: Are Personality Traits Inherited)
    
    
14. Describe some criticisms of the trait approach to personality. (see Evaluation of the Trait Approach)
    
    
15. Describe the basic assumption of the social-cognitive approach to personality. Define functional analysis. (see The Social-Cognitive Approach)
    
    
16. Compare and contrast the operant approach (Skinner) and social-cognitive theories of personality. (see Roots of the Social-Cognitive Approach)
    
    
17. Describe Rotter's expectancy theory, Bandura's reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy, and Mischel's person variables. (see Prominent Social-Cognitive Theories)
    
    
18. Describe some applications and criticisms of the social-cognitive approach to personality. (see Evaluation of the Social-Cognitive Approach)
    
    
19. Describe the humanistic approach to personality. (see The Humanistic Approach)
    
    
20. Compare and contrast Rogers's self theory and Maslow's growth psychology. Define the actualizing tendency, self-concept, conditions of worth, and deficiency versus growth orientation. (see Prominent Humanistic Theories)
    
    
21. Describe some applications and criticisms of the humanistic approach. (see Evaluation of the Humanistic Approach)
    
    
22. Describe cultural differences in the concept of self. Explain how these differences shape the development of personality. (see Linkages: Personality, Culture, and Human Development)
    
    
23. Discuss the longitudinal studies of personality and their conclusions about the continuity of personality across the lifespan. (see Focus on Research Methods: Longitudinal Studies of Temperament and Personality)
    
    
24. Describe the four general methods of personality assessment. (see Assessing Personality)
    
    
25. Discuss the difference between objective and projective personality tests and give an example of each. (see Assessing Personality)
    
    
26. Describe some of the applications of personality tests. (see Personality Tests and Employee Selection)