CHAPTER 12
Human Development

1. Define developmental psychology. (see introductory section)
   
   
2. Describe the history of the nature-nurture debate. (see Exploring Human Development)
   
   
3. Discuss the differences among Gesell's, Watson's, and Piaget's views of development. Define maturation. (see Exploring Human Development)
   
   
4. Describe the contributions of nature and nurture to development. Explain why heredity and environment are correlated and mutually influential. (see Exploring Human Behavior)
   
   
5. Describe the process of development in each of the prenatal stages. (see Prenatal Development)
   
   
6. Define teratogen. Define critical period and know the stage associated with it. Define fetal alcohol syndrome. (see Prenatal Risks)
   
   
7. Describe the capacities of a newborn's senses. Define reflex, and name three reflexes exhibited by newborns. Discuss how motor development is influenced by experimentation. (see The Newborn)
   
   
8. Describe Piaget's theory of knowledge development. Explain why it incorporates both nature and nurture. Define schemas, assimilation, and accommodation. (see The Development of Knowledge: Piaget's Theory)
   
   
9. Describe the development of mental abilities during the sensorimotor period. Define object permanence. (see Sensorimotor Development)
   
   
10. Explain how research has modified Piaget's description of infants in the sensorimotor period. Discuss the experiments on object permanence and the role of experience in developing knowledge during infancy. (see New View of Infants' Cognitive Development; see also Focus on Research Methods: Experiments on Developing Minds)
    
    
11. Describe the changes in cognition that occur during the preoperational period. Define conservation. Discuss the importance of symbol usage during this period. Describe the impact of visual perception on a preoperational child's thinking. (see Preoperational Development)
    
    
12. Describe the changes in cognition that occur during Piaget's stage of concrete operations. (see Concrete Operational Thought)
    
    
13. Discuss the criticisms of and alternatives to Piaget's theory of cognitive development. (see Modifying Piaget's Theory)
    
    
14. Describe cognitive development from an information-processing approach. (see Information Processing During Childhood)
    
    
15. Discuss the research on memory in early childhood. (see Linkages: Development and Memory)
    
    
16. Describe the impact of culture on cognitive development. Define scripts. (see Culture and Cognitive Development)
    
    
17. Describe the potential impact of the environment on cognitive development. (see Variations in Cognitive Development)
    
    
18. Define temperament. Describe the three main temperament patterns discussed in your text. (see Individual Temperament)
    
    
19. Define attachment. Describe the studies of motherless monkeys. Discuss the development of attachment and describe the four types of attachment. (see The Infant Grows Attached)
    
    
20. Discuss the question of whether day care damages the formation of a healthy mother-infant attachment. (see Thinking Critically: Does Day Care Harm the Emotional Development of Infants?)
    
    
21. Define socialization. Describe the three parenting styles discussed in the text. Discuss the characteristics of children who have grown up under each of these styles. Explain the impact of the parents' culture and environment on the development of their parenting styles. (see Parenting Styles)
    
    
22. Describe the different kinds of social relationships and the development of social skills in children. Define self-regulation. (see Relationships with Peers; see also Social Skills)
    
    
23. Describe the development of gender roles in and the influence of gender schemas on children. (see Gender Roles)
    
    
24. Describe the phenomenon of resilience. (see Risk and Resilience)
    
    
25. Define puberty, and discuss the physical and psychological changes and problems that occur during adolescence. Describe the relationship adolescents have with their parents and peers. (see The Challenges of Change)
    
    
26. Describe the development of both the personal and the ethnic identity. Define identity crisis. (see Identity and Development of the Self)
    
    
27. Describe the changes in cognition that occur during the formal operational period. (see Moral Reasoning)
    
    
28. Describe the stages of moral reasoning suggested by Kohlberg. Define preconventional, conventional, and postconventional moral reasoning. Be able to discuss the cultural limitations of Kohlberg's stages. (see Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning)
    
    
29. Describe the relationship between moral reasoning and moral action. (see Moral Reasoning and Moral Action)
    
    
30. Describe the physical, cognitive, and social changes that occur during adulthood. (see Adulthood)
    
    
31. Define menopause, generativity, and terminal drop. (see Adulthood)