CHAPTER 9
Consciousness

1. Define consciousness. Describe the work of cognitive scientists and cognitive neuroscientists. (see introductory section; see also Analyzing Consciousness)
   
   
2. Describe the three main questions that dominate the psychological study of consciousness today. (HINT: Include dualism and materialism, the theater view versus the parallel distributed processing models of consciousness, and the link between mental activity and conscious awareness.) (see Analyzing Consciousness)
   
   
3. Distinguish among the various levels of conscious activity: conscious, nonconscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Give an example of each. (see Levels of Consciousness)
   
   
4. Describe priming. (see Mental Processing Without Awareness)
   
   
5. Discuss the research on subliminal messages in rock music. (see Focus on Research Methods: Subliminal Messages in Rock Music)
   
   
6. Describe the effects of prosopagnosia, and anterograde amnesia on consciousness. (see The Neuropsychology of Consciousness)
   
   
7. Define state of consciousness and altered state of consciousness. (see States of Consciousness)
   
   
8. Compare and contrast slow-wave and REM sleep. List the stages of quiet sleep. (see Stages of Sleep)
   
   
9. Explain the differences among the EEGs of each sleep stage. (see Stages of Sleep)
   
   
10. Discuss the physiological changes that occur during REM sleep. Describe a night's sleep and the changes in sleeping patterns that occur across the lifespan. (see REM Sleep; see also A Night's Sleep)
    
    
11. Discuss the symptoms of insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking, and REM behavior disorder, and indicate during which stages of sleep they occur. (see Sleep Disorders)
    
    
12. Define circadian rhythm and explain its role in sleep patterns. Discuss jet lag and other effects of interfering with the human body clock. (see Why Do People Sleep?)
    
    
13. Define REM rebound. Discuss the various hypotheses on the reasons for slow-wave and REM sleep. (see The Functions of Sleep)
    
    
14. Define dreams and lucid dreaming. (see Dreams and Dreaming)
    
    
15. Discuss the various theories that explain why people dream, including wish fulfillment, activation-synthesis theory, and problem-solving theory. (see Dreams and Dreaming)
    
    
16. Define hypnosis and describe the process of becoming hypnotized. (see Hypnosis)
    
    
17. Define hypnotic susceptibility, age regression, posthypnotic suggestions, and posthypnotic amnesia. Describe the changes people experience during hypnosis. (see Experiencing Hypnosis)
    
    
18. Compare and contrast the state, role, and dissociation theories of hypnosis. (see Explaining Hypnosis)
    
    
19. List some of the applications of hypnosis. (see Applications of Hypnosis)
    
    
20. Define meditation. List the common characteristics of meditation techniques, and describe their effects. (see Linkages: Meditation, Health, and Stress)
    
    
21. Define psychoactive drugs and psychopharmacology. Explain the function of the blood-brain barrier and discuss how agonist and antagonist drugs work. (see Psychoactive Drugs)
    
    
22. Define substance abuse. (see The Varying Effects of Drugs)
    
    
23. Define psychological dependence and physical dependence, or addiction. Explain the mechanisms of withdrawal syndrome and tolerance. (see The Varying Effects of Drugs)
    
    
24. Explain the role of expectations in the influence of drugs on behavior. (see Expectations and Drug Effects)
    
    
25. Define depressant. Describe the effects of alcohol and barbiturates on the nervous system and behavior. (see Depressants)
    
    
26. Define stimulant. Describe the effects of amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, and MDMA on the nervous system and behavior. (see Stimulants)
    
    
27. Define opiates. Describe the effects of opium, morphine, codeine, and heroin on the nervous system. (see Opiates)
    
    
28. Define hallucinogens. Describe the effects of LSD, ketamine, and marijuana on the nervous system and behavior. (see Hallucinogens)
    
    
29. Discuss research on the level of danger associated with marijuana use. (see Thinking Critically: Is Marijuana Dangerous?)