Chapter 1: The Study of American Government
What Is Political Power?
What Is Democracy?
Direct Versus Representative Democracy: Which Is Best?
How Is Power Distributed in a Democracy?
Four Theories of Elite Influence
Beyond Self-Interest
Political Change
Finding Out Who Governs
Chapter 2: The Constitution
The Problem of Liberty
The Colonial Mind
The Real Revolution
Weaknesses of the Confederation
The Constitutional Convention
The Lessons of Experience
The Framers
The Challenge
The Virginia Plan
The New Jersey Plan
The Compromise
The Constitution and Democracy
Key Principles
Government and Human Nature
The Constitution and Liberty
The Antifederalist View
Need for a Bill of Rights
The Constitution and Slavery
The Motives of the Framers
Economic Interests at the Convention
Economic Interests and Ratification
The Constitution and Equality
Constitutional Reform: Modern Views
Reducing the Separation of Powers
Making the System Less Democratic
Who Is Right?
Chapter 3: Federalism
Governmental Structure
Federalism: Good or Bad?
Increased Political Activity
The Founding
A Bold, New Plan
Elastic Language
The Debate on the Meaning of Federalism
The Supreme Court Speaks
Nullification
Dual Federalism
State Sovereignty
Federal-State Relations
Grants-in-Aid
Meeting National Needs
The Intergovernmental Lobby
Categorical Grants Versus Revenue Sharing
Rivalry Among the States
Federal Aid and Federal Control
Mandates
Conditions of Aid
A Devolution Revolution?
Block Grants for Entitlements
What's Driving Devolution?
Congress and Federalism
Chapter 4: American Political Culture
Political Culture
The Political System
The Economic System
Comparing America with Other Nations
The Political System
The Economic System
The Civic Role of Religion
Religion and Politics
The Sources of Political Culture
The Culture War
Mistrust of Government
Political Efficacy
Political Tolerance
Chapter 5: Public Opinion
What Is Public Opinion?
The Origins of Political Attitudes
The Role of the Family
Religion
The Gender Gap
Schooling and Information
Cleavages in Public Opinion
Social Class
Race and Ethnicity
Region
Political Ideology
Consistent Attitudes
What Do
Liberalism and
Conservatism Mean?
Various Categories
Analyzing Consistency
Political Elites
Is There a "New Class"?
Political Elites, Public Opinion, and Public Policy
Chapter 6: Political Participation
A Closer Look at Nonvoting
The Rise of the American Electorate
From State to Federal Control
Voter Turnout
Who Participates in Politics?
Forms of Participation
The Causes of Participation
The Meaning of Participation Rates
Chapter 7: Political Parties
Parties--Here and Abroad
Political Culture
The Rise and Decline of the Political Party
The Founding
The Jacksonians
The Civil War and Sectionalism
The Era of Reform
Party Realignments
Party Decline
The National Party Structure Today
National Conventions
State and Local Parties
The Machine
Ideological Parties
Solidary Groups
Sponsored Parties
Personal Following
The Two-Party System
Minor Parties
Nominating a President
Are the Delegates Representative of the Voters?
Who Votes in Primaries?
Who Are the New Delegates?
Parties Versus Voters
Chapter 8: Elections and Campaigns
Presidential Versus Congressional Campaigns
Running for President
Getting Elected to Congress
Primary Versus General Campaigns
Two Kinds of Campaign Issues
Television, Debates, and Direct Mail
Money
The Sources of Campaign Money
Campaign Finance Rules
Campaign Finance Reform
Money and Winning
What Decides the Election?
Party
Issues, Especially the Economy
The Campaign
Finding a Winning Coalition
The Effects of Elections on Policy
Chapter 9: Interest Groups
Explaining Proliferation
The Birth of Interest Groups
Kinds of Organizations
Institutional Interests
Membership Interests
Incentives to Join
The Influence of the Staff
Interest Groups and Social Movements
The Environmental Movement
The Feminist Movement
The Union Movement
Funds for Interest Groups
Foundation Grants
Federal Grants and Contracts
Direct Mail
The Problem of Bias
The Activities of Interest Groups
Information
Public Support: The Rise of the New Politics
Money and PACs
The "Revolving Door"
Trouble
Regulating Interest Groups
Chapter 10: The Media
Journalism in American Political History
The Party Press
The Popular Press
Magazines of Opinion
Electronic Journalism
The Internet
The Structure of the Media
Degree of Competition
The National Media
Rules Governing the Media
Confidentiality of Sources
Regulating Broadcasting
Campaigning
The Effects of the Media on Politics
Government and the News
Prominence of the President
Coverage of Congress
Interpreting Political News
Are News Stories Slanted?
Why Do We Have So Many News Leaks?
Sensationalism in the Media
Government Constraints on Journalists
Chapter 11: Congress
Congress Versus Parliament
The Evolution of Congress
Who Is in Congress?
Sex and Race
Incumbency
Party
Do Members Represent Their Voters?
Representational View
Organizational View
Attitudinal View
Ideology and Civility in Congress
The Organization of Congress: Parties and Caucuses
Party Organization of the Senate
Party Structure in the House
The Strength of Party Structures
Party Unity
Caucuses
The Organization of Congress: Committees
The Organization of Congress: Staffs and Specialized Offices
Tasks of Staff Members
Staff Agencies
How a Bill Becomes Law
Introducing a Bill
Study by Committees
Floor Debate--The House
Floor Debate--The Senate
Methods of Voting
Reducing Power and Perks
Ethics and Congress
Chapter 12: The Presidency
Presidents and Prime Ministers
Divided Government
Does Gridlock Matter?
Is Policy Gridlock Bad?
The Evolution of the Presidency
Concerns of the Founders
The Electoral College
The President's Term of Office
The First Presidents
The Jacksonians
The Reemergence of Congress
The Powers of the President
The Office of the President
The White House Office
The Executive Office of the President
The Cabinet
Independent Agencies, Commissions, and Judgeships
Who Gets Appointed
Presidential Character
The Power to Persuade
The Three Audiences
Popularity and Influence
The Decline in Popularity
The Power to Say No
Veto
Executive Privilege
Impoundment of Funds
The President's Program
Putting Together a Program
Attempts to Reorganize
Presidential Transition
The Vice President
Problems of Succession
Impeachment
How Powerful Is the President?
Chapter 13: The Bureaucracy
Distinctiveness of the American Bureaucracy
The Growth of the Bureaucracy
The Appointment of Officials
A Service Role
A Change in Role
The Federal Bureaucracy Today
Recruitment and Retention
Personal Attributes
Do Bureaucrats Sabotage Their Political Bosses?
Culture and Careers
Constraints
Agency Allies
Congressional Oversight
The Appropriations Committee and Legislative Committees
The Legislative Veto
Congressional Investigations
Bureaucratic "Pathologies"
Reforming the Bureaucracy
Chapter 14: The Judiciary
The Development of the Federal Courts
National Supremacy and Slavery
Government and the Economy
Government and Political Liberty
The Revival of State Sovereignty
The Structure of the Federal Courts
Selecting Judges
The Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts
Getting to Court
Fee Shifting
Standing
Class-Action Suits
The Supreme Court in Action
The Power of the Federal Courts
The Power to Make Policy
Views of Judicial Activism
Legislation and the Courts
Checks on Judicial Power
Congress and the Courts
Public Opinion and the Courts
Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process
Setting the Agenda
The Legitimate Scope of Government Action
Making a Decision
Majoritarian Politics: Distributed Benefits, Distributed Costs
Interest Group Politics: Concentrated Benefits, Concentrated Costs
Client Politics: Concentrated Benefits, Distributed Costs
Entrepreneurial Politics: Distributed Benefits, Concentrated Costs
The Case of Business Regulation
Majoritarian Politics
Interest Group Politics
Client Politics
Entrepreneurial Politics
Perceptions, Beliefs, Interests, and Values
Deregulation
Reducing Tobacco Subsidies
The Limits of Ideas
Chapter 16: Economic Policy
The Politics of Economic Prosperity
What Politicians Try to Do
The Politics of Taxing and Spending
Economic Theories and Political Needs
Monetarism
Keynesianism
Planning
Supply-Side Tax Cuts
Ideology and Theory
"Reaganomics"
The Machinery of Economic Policy Making
The Fed
Congress
Spending Money
The Budget
Reducing Spending
Levying Taxes
The Rise of the Income Tax
Chapter 17: Social Welfare
Social Welfare in the United States
Majoritarian Welfare Programs: Social Security and Medicare
Reforming Majoritarian Welfare Programs
Client Welfare Programs: Aid to Families with Dependent Children
Two Kinds of Welfare Politics
Majoritarian Politics
Client Politics
Chapter 18: Civil Liberties
Politics, Culture, and Civil Liberties
Rights in Conflict
Policy Entrepreneurs
Cultural Conflicts
Interpreting and Applying the First Amendment
Speech and National Security
What Is Speech?
Libel
Obscenity
Symbolic Speech
Who Is a Person?
Church and State
The Free-Exercise Clause
The Establishment Clause
Crime and Due Process
The Exclusionary Rule
Search and Seizure
Confessions and Self-Incrimination
Relaxing the Exclusionary Rule
Terrorism and Civil Liberties
Chapter 19: Civil Rights
The Black Predicament
The Campaign in the Courts
"Separate but Equal"
Can Separate Schools Be Equal?
Brown v. Board of Education
The Campaign in Congress
Racial Profiling
Women and Equal Rights
Sexual Harassment
Abortion
Affirmative Action
Equality of Results
Equality of Opportunity
Gays and the Supreme Court
Chapter 20: Foreign and Military Policy
Kinds of Foreign Policy
The Constitutional and Legal Context
Presidential Box Score
Evaluating the Power of the President
Checks on Presidential Power
The Machinery of Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy and Public Opinion
Backing the President
Mass Versus Elite Opinion
Cleavages Among Foreign Policy Elites
How a Worldview Shapes Foreign Policy
The Use of Military Force
The Defense Budget
Total Spending
What Do We Get with Our Money?
The Structure of Defense Decision-Making
Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Services
The Chain of Command
Spending for the War on Terrorism
Chapter 21: Environmental Policy
The American Context
Entrepreneurial Politics: Global Warming
Majoritarian Politics: Pollution from Automobiles
Interest Group Politics: Acid Rain
Client Politics: Agricultural Pesticides
The Environmental Uncertainties
The Results
Chapter 22: Who Governs? To What Ends?
Restraints on the Growth of Government
Relaxing the Restraints
The Old System
The New System
Consequences of Activist Government
The Influence of Structure
The Influence of Ideas
