Chapter Outlines

Review the main concepts of every chapter.

jump to a section Ch 1 Dilemmas of DemocracyCh 2 The ConstitutionCh 3 FederalismCh 4 Public Opinion, Political Socialization, and the MediaCh 5 Participation and VotingCh 6 Political Parties, Campaigns, and ElectionsCh 7 Interest GroupsCh 8 CongressCh 9 The PresidencyCh 10 The BureaucracyCh 11 The CourtsCh 12 Order and Civil Liberties Ch 13 Equality and Civil RightsCh 14 Policymaking and the Budget

Chapter 1: Dilemmas of Democracy

The Globalization of American Government The Purposes of Government
	Maintaining Order Providing Public Goods Promoting Equality
A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Government
	The Concepts of Freedom, Order, and Equality Two Dilemmas of Government
		The Original Dilemma: Freedom Versus Order The Modern Dilemma: Freedom Versus Equality
	Ideology and Government
		Totalitarianism Socialism Capitalism Libertarianism Anarchism Liberals and Conservatives
	A Two-Dimensional Classification of Ideologies
Governmental Process: Majoritarian or Pluralist?
	The Theory of Democratic Government
		The Procedural View of Democracy A Complication: Direct Versus Indirect Democracy The Substitute View of Democracy Procedural Democracy Versus Substantive Democracy
	Institutional Models of Democracy
		The Majoritarian Model of Democracy An Alternative Model: Pluralist Democracy The Majoritarian Model Versus the Pluralist Model An Undemocratic Model: Elite Theory Elite Theory Versus Pluralist Theory
	Democracy and Globalization
	American Democracy: More Pluralist than Majoritarian
Summary

Chapter 2: The Constitution

The Revolutionary Roots of the Constitution
	Freedom in Colonial America The Road to Revolution Revolutionary Action The Declaration of Independence
From Revolution to Confederation
	The Articles of Confederation Disorder Under the Confederation
From Confederation to Constitution
	The Virginia Plan The New Jersey Plan The Great Compromise Compromise on the Presidency
The Final Product
	The Basic Principles
		Republicanism Federalism Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances
	The Articles of the Constitution
		Article I: The Legislative Article Article II: The Executive Article Article III: the Judicial Article The Remaining Articles
	The Framers' Motives The Slavery Issue
Selling the Constitution
	The Federalist Papers A Concession: The Bill of Rights Ratification
Constitutional Change
	The Formal Amendment Process Interpretation by the Courts Political Practice
An Evaluation of the Constitution
	Freedom, Order, and Equality in the Constitution The Constitution and Models of Democracy
Summary

Chapter 3: Federalism

Theories of Federalism
Representations of American Federalism
	Dual Federalism Cooperative Federalism
The Dynamics of Federalism
	Legislation and the Elastic Clause Judicial Interpretation
		The Commerce Clause: Engine of National Power The Eleventh Amendment: Sovereign Immunity The Brady Bill and the Limits of National Government Authority
	Grants-in-Aid
The Developing Concept of Federalism
	McCulloch v. Maryland States' Rights and Dual Federalism The New Deal and Its Consequences
The Revival of Federalism
	An Evolving Federalism Preemption: The Instrument of Federalism
		Mandates and Restraints Constraining Unfunded Mandates
Other Governments in the Federal System
	Types of Local Governments So Many Governments: Advantages and Disadvantages
Contemporary Federalism and the Dilemmas of Democracy
Federalism and Pluralism
Summary

Chapter 4: Public Opinion, Political Socialization, and the Media

Public Opinion and Models of Democracy
Political Socialization
Social Groups and Political Values
	Education Income Region The "Old" and "New" Ethnicity: European Origin and Race Religion Gender
From Values to Ideology
	The Degree of Ideological Thinking in Public Opinion The Quality of Ideological Thinking in Public Opinion Ideological Types in the United States
The Process of Forming Political Opinions
	Self-Interest Political Information Political Leadership
The Media in America
	The Internet Private Ownership of the Media Government Regulation of the Media
Reporting and Following the News
	Covering National Politics Presenting the News Where the Public gets its News What People Remember and Know Influencing Public Opinion Setting the Political Agenda Socialization
Evaluating the Media in Government
	Is Reporting Biased? Contributions to Democracy Effects on Freedom, Order, and Equality
Summary

Chapter 5: Participation and Voting

Democracy and Political Participation
Unconventional Participation
	Support for Unconventional Participation The Effectiveness of Unconventional Participation Unconventional Participation in America and the World
Conventional Participation
	Supportive Behavior Influencing Behavior
		Particular Benefits Broad Policy Objectives
	Conventional Participation in America and the World
Participating Through Voting
	Expansion of Suffrage
		The Enfranchisement of Blacks The Enfranchisement of Women Evaluating the Expansion of Suffrage in America
	Voting on Policies Voting for Candidates
Explaining Political Participation
	Patterns of Participation over Time The Standard Socioeconomic Explanation Low Voter Turnout in America
		The Decline in Voting over Time U.S. Turnout Versus Turnout in Other Countries
Participation and Freedom, Equality, and Order
	Participation and Freedom Participation and Equality Participation and Order
Participation and the Models of Democracy
	Participation and Majoritarianism Participation and Pluralism
Summary

Chapter 6: Political Parties, Campaigns, and Elections

Political Parties and Their Functions
	What is a Political Party? Party Functions
		Nominating Candidates Structuring the Voting Choice Proposing Alternative Government Programs Coordinating the Actions of Government Officials
A History of U.S. Party Politics
	The Emergence of a Party System The Present Party System: Democrats and Republicans
The American Two-Party System
	Minor Parties in America Why a Two-Party System? The Federal Basis of a Party System Party Identification in America
Party Ideology and Organization
	Differences in Party Ideology
		Voters and Activists Platforms: Freedom, Order, and Equality Different but Similar
	National Party Organization State and Local Party Organizations Decentralized but Growing Stronger
The Model of Responsible Party Government
Parties and Candidates
	Nomination for Congress and State Offices Nomination for President
		Selecting Convention Delegates Campaigning for the Nomination
Elections
	Presidential Elections and the Electoral College
		The Electoral College: Structure Abolish the Electoral College?
	Congressional Elections
Campaigns
	The Political Context Financing
		Regulating Campaign Financing Financing Congressional Elections Financing Presidential Campaigns The Politics of Campaign Finance
	Strategies and Tactics
		Making the News Advertising the Candidate Using New Media
Explaining Voting Choice
Campaigns, Elections, and Parties
	Parties and the Majoritarian Model Parties and the Pluralist Model
Summary

Chapter 7: Interest Groups

Interest Groups and the American Political Tradition
	Interest Groups: Good or evil? The Roles of Interest Groups
		Representation Participation Education Agenda Building Program Monitoring
	How Interest Groups Form Interest Group Entrepreneurs Who Is Being Organized?
Interest Group Resources
	Members
		Maintaining Membership Attracting New Members The Free-Rider Problem
	Lobbyists Political Action Committees
Lobbying Tactics
	Direct Lobbying Grassroots Lobbying Information Campaigns High-Tech Lobbying Coalition Building
Is the System Biased?
	Membership Patterns Citizen Groups Business Mobilization Access Reform
Summary

Chapter 8: Congress

The Origin and Powers of Congress
	The Great Compromise Duties of the House and Senate
Electing Congress
	The Incumbency Effect
		Redistricting Name Recognition Campaign Finance Successful Challengers
	Whom Do We Elect?
How Issues get on the Congressional Agenda
The Dance of Legislation: An Overview
Committees: The Workhorses of Congress
	The Division of Labor among Committees
		Standing Committees Other Congressional Committees
	Congressional Expertise and Seniority Oversight: Following through on Legislation Majoritarian and Pluralist Views of Committees
Leaders and Followers in Congress
	The Leadership Task Rules of Procedure Norms of Behavior
The Legislative Environment
	Political Parties The President Constituents Interest Groups
The Dilemma of Representation: Trustees or Delegates?
Pluralism, Majoritarianism, and Democracy
	Parliamentary Government Pluralism Versus Majoritarianism in Congress
Summary

Chapter 9: The Presidency

The Constitutional Basis of Presidential Power
	Initial Conceptions of the Presidency The Powers of the President
The Expansion of Presidential Power
	The Inherent Powers Congressional Delegation of Power The President's Power to Persuade The President and the Public
The Electoral Connection
The Executive Branch Establishment
	The Executive Office of the President The Vice President The Cabinet
The President as National Leader
	From Political Values… …To Policy Agenda Chief Lobbyist Party Leader
The President as World Leader
	Foreign Relations Crisis Management
Presidential Character
Summary

Chapter 10: The Bureaucracy

Organization Matters
The Development of the Bureaucratic State
	The Growth of the Bureaucratic State Can We Reduce the Size of Government?
Bureaus and Bureaucrats
	The Organization of Government
		Departments Independent Agencies Government Corporations
	The Civil Service Presidential Control over the Bureaucracy
Administrative Policymaking: The Formal Processes
	Administrative Discretion Rule Making
Administrative Policymaking: Informal Politics
	The Science of Muddling Through The Culture of Bureaucracy
Problems in Implementing Policy
Reforming the Bureaucracy: More Control or Less?
	Deregulation Monitoring, Accountability, and Responsiveness
Summary

Chapter 11: The Courts

National Judicial Supremacy
	Judicial Review of the Other Branches Judicial Review of State Government The Exercise of Judicial Review
The Organization of Courts
	Some Court Fundamentals
		Criminal and Civil Cases Procedures and Policymaking
	The U.S. District Courts The U.S. Courts of Appeals
		Appellate Court Proceedings Precedents and Making Decisions Uniformity of Law
The Supreme Court
	Access to the Court The Solicitor General Decision Making
		Judicial Restraint and Judicial Activism Judgment and Argument The Opinion
	Strategies on the Court The Chief Justice
Judicial Recruitment
	The Appointment of Federal Judges
		The "Advice and Consent" of the Senate The American Bar Association
	Recent Presidents and the Federal Judiciary Appointment to the Supreme Court
The Consequences of Judicial Decisions
	Supreme Court Rulings: Implementation and Impact Public Opinion and the Supreme Court
The Courts and Models of Democracy
Summary

Chapter 12: Order and Civil Liberties

The Bill of Rights
Freedom of Religion
	The Establishment Clause
		Government Support of Religion School Prayer
	The Free-Exercise Clause
		Working on the Sabbath Using Drugs as Religious Sacraments
Freedom of Expression
	Freedom of Speech
		Symbolic Expression Free Speech Versus Order: Obscenity Feminism, Free Expression, and Equality
	Freedom of the Press
		Defamation of Character Prior Restraint and the Press Freedom of Expression Versus Maintaining Order
	The Rights to Assemble Peaceably and to Petition the Government
The Right to Bear Arms
Applying the Bill of Rights to the States
	The Fourteenth Amendment: Due Process of Law The Fundamental Freedoms Criminal Procedure: The Meaning of Constitutional Guarantees
The Ninth Amendment and Personal Autonomy
	Controversy: From Privacy to Abortion Personal Autonomy and Sexual Orientation
Summary

Chapter 13: Equality and Civil Rights

Two Conceptions of Equality
The Civil War Amendments
	Congress and the Supreme Court: Lawmaking Versus Law Interpreting The Roots of Racial Segregation
The Dismantling of School Segregation
The Civil Rights Movement
	Civil Disobedience The Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Continuing Struggle over Civil Rights
Civil Rights for Other Minorities
	Native Americans Hispanic Americans Disabled Americans
Gender and Equal Rights: The Women's Movement
	Political Equality for Women Prohibiting Sex-Based Discrimination Stereotypes Under Scrutiny The Equal Rights Amendment
Affirmative Action: Equal Opportunity or Equal Outcome?
	Reverse Discrimination The Politics of Affirmative Action
Summary

Chapter 14: Policymaking and the Budget

Government Purposes and Public Policies
The Policymaking Process: A Model
	Agenda Setting Policy Formulation Implementation Policy Evaluation
Issue Networks
	Government by Policy Area Policy Expertise Issue Networks and Democracy
Economic Policy and the Budget
	Economic Theory
Budgeting for Public Policy
	The Nature of the Budget Preparing the President's Budget Passing the Congressional Budget
		The Traditional Procedure: The Committee Structure Reforms of the 1970s: The Budget Committee Structure Lessons of the 1980s: Gramm-Rudman Reforms of the 1990s: Balanced Budgets
	Taxing and Spending Decisions
		Tax Policies Spending Policies Social Security Medicare
Summary
Appendices
	Declaration of Independence in Congress; July 4, 1776 Constitution of the United States of America
References
Index