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	The Humanities, Seventh Edition Mary Ann Frese Witt, North Carolina State University at Raleigh Charlotte Vestal Brown, North Carolina State University at Raleigh et al.



	Review Questions Chapter 1: Mesopotamia Chapter 2: Egypt and the Kingdom of Kush Chapter 3: Early Greece Chapter 4: Classical Greece: Politics, Art, Drama Chapter 5: Classical Greece: Philosophy and Ethical Thought Chapter 6: The Culture of Rome Chapter 7: Judaism and Early Christianity Chapter 8: The Byzantine and the Islamic Empires Chapter 9: Medieval Europe: Culture and the Cathedral Chapter 10: Divine and Human Love in Medieval Europe Chapter 11: African Backgrounds Chapter 12: West African Languages and Literature: The Oral Tradition and Its Legacy Chapter 13: Visual and Musical Arts of West Africa Chapter 14: An Introduction to the Civilization of India Chapter 15: An Introduction to the Civilizations of China and Japan Chapter 16: Humanism and the Early Italian Renaissance Chapter 17: Art and Architecture in Florence Chapter 18: The End of the Florentine Renaissance: Machiavelli, Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael Chapter 19: The Northern Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation Chapter 20: The Consolidation of Modernity Chapter 21: The Baroque Style in Art and Literature Chapter 22: Two Masters of Baroque Music: Handel and Bach Chapter 23: The Arts at the Court of Louis XIV Chapter 24: The European Enlightenment Chapter 25: The Enlightenment in the United States Chapter 26: The Classical Style in Music, the Development of Opera, and Mozart's Don Giovanni Chapter 27: From Revolution to Romanticism Chapter 28: The Industrial Revolution and New Social Thought Chapter 29: Art and Literature in the Industrial World: Realism and Beyond Chapter 30: Colonialism, the Great War, and Cultural Change Chapter 31: Modernism: Visual Arts, Music, and Dance Chapter 32: Modernism: Theater and Literature Chapter 33: Absurdity and Alienation: World War II and the Postwar Period Chapter 34: Postcolonialism, Postmodernism, and Beyond Chapter 1: Mesopotamia What is meant by “The Fertile Crescent”? What kind of societies existed on the banks of the Euphrates river in 3,000 B.C.? What did a ziggurat represent? In addition to statues, what are some other forms common forms of Sumerian art? What is probably the greatest invention of Mesopotamian civilization? What Mesopotamian epic is perhaps the lodes written story in the world? What is the name of the written code of laws from the Babylonian Empire from around 1800 B.C.? Who was the greatest King of the second Babylonian civilization, which last from 612 to 550 B.C.? The Babylonians laid the groundwork for what modern science? What caused the fall of the Babylonian kingdom? Top Chapter 2: Egypt and the Kingdom of Kush What enabled modern scholars to translate and comprehend Egyptian hieroglyphics? What are some unique feature of Egyptian religion? How is the Zoser pyramid different from the pyramid of Cheops? How is Egyptian sculpture different from the classical Greek and similar to those of ancient Rome? What are the “Amrana Letters"? What changes came about during the rule of Akhenaton? What monarch was the last of the Ptomlemaic dynasty? What was the Kushite King Taharqa most remembered for? In what ways was the Kushite monarchy distinct from the Egyptian? What Kushite monarch united Nubia and Egypt in the 8th Century B.C.? Top Chapter 3: Early Greece Why is the study of Greek culture especially important to the study of the Humanities? The matriarchal nature of Cretan culture suggests a possible link with what previous civilization? Why is the Mycenaean age of Greek culture sometimes called the “heroic age.” What are some of the interesting developments in Greek civilization during the Archaic Period? What was the nature of Greek religious practices? What are some aspects of the Greek epic hero? What is the origin of the term “lyric,” as in lyric poetry? In what way were Archaic Greek temples similar to the Egyptian and Mesopotamian? What is the Kouros of Sounion? Top Chapter 4: Classical Greece: Politics Art Drama What is some evidence of the importance of the polis in Ancient Athens? What event precipitated the end of Ancient Athens’ great age? What are some of the elements of the ideal in classical Greek art? What is the "Propylae"? What is meant by the term “Hellenistic”? What are some conventions of early Greek tragedy? What Greek tragedian is known for being an innovator and breaking with tradition? What Greek tragedian added a second actor to the form? How does comedy differ from tragedy? Top Chapter 5: Classical Greece: Philosophy and Ethical Thought What were the goals and purposes of philosophy for the Pre-Socratic thinkers? What was the purpose of the instruction provided by the Sophists? What was Socrates’ primary philosophical concern? According to Plato, what were the three parts of the mortal soul? How did Plato immortalize Socrates? Why did Aristotle consider tragedy superior to comedy and epic? Top Chapter 6: Classical Greece: Philosophy and Ethical Thought Why was Philip II of Macedon able to so easily conquer the Greek city-states? What were some of the changes that the doctrine of Stoicism underwent by the end of the first century B.C.? How was the Roman plebian class able to garner for themselves some measure of political power from the Roman elite? What caused the breakdown of the Roman republic? How was law administered in the Roman Empire? What was the jus gentium? What was the Stoics rationale for not challenging the institution of slavery? How was Roman sculpture different from Greek sculpture? What are some of the differences between the work Virgil and those of Homer? Why was Horace sometimes called Augustus’ “poet laureate”? Top Chapter 7: Judaism and Early Christianity What was God’s agreement with Abraham in the Old Testament? How did the Jewish view of God change during the era of the great prophets? What was King Solomon’s most important achievement? How did Paul of Tarsus contribute to the spread of Christianity? What was a source of controversy between Jewish and gentile Christians? Why were Christians singled out for persecution by the Romans? What unique qualities of Christianity contributed to its spread throughout the Roman Empire? How did Emperor Constantine’s conversion help him rule the Roman Empire? Why did Constantine move the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium? Top Chapter 8: Byzantine and the Islamic Empire What were the three political formations that emerged with the breakup of the Roman Empire in the 5th century? What Italian city provided a model for Justinian’s architects in the building up of Constantinople? What were the causes and outcomes of the “Schism of 1054”? What role did the city of Medina play in early Muslim history? What effect did the Crusades have on relations between the Byzantine Empire and Western Europe? What role did the city of Medina play in the history of Islam? Why did calligraphy develop into a major artform of the Muslim world? What status did non-Arabs have within the Muslin world in the first centuries of the Muslim Empire? How does the design of a Muslim mosque differ from that of a Byzantine church? Top Chapter 9: Medieval Europe: Culture and the Cathedral What was the state of civilization in the West from 500 to 1000 A.D.? What were some of the contributing facts to the economic revival that began after the years 1000 A.D.? In what way did the “role” of monarchy change during the High Middle Ages? How did Aristotle’s ancient system of logic contribute to the advancement of European civilization? What was “Scholasticism”? How did the Church respond to the challenge of reconciling human reason with divine revelation? In what way were the actual benefits of the Crusade’s for Europe different from the intended benefits? What were some of the innovations attributed to the designers and builders of the Church of Saint Denis? What was the significance of church building for medieval communities? How did the music a medieval liturgical drama differ from that of a modern orchestra? Top Chapter 10: Divine and Human Love in Medieval Europe What are some of the ways that Mary is depicted by medieval artists? What are the principal themes of French Troubadour Poetry? How were the German Minnesingers different from the French Troubadours? How were women portrayed in the literary genre called Romance, which developed, in medieval France? Why was Dante exiled for a time from his native Florence? What form of poetry was perfected by Dante and other of the courtly love poets of Tuscany? What was the purpose of writing lyrics as polyphonic motets? What are the three parts of Dante’s Divine Comedy? Top Chapter 11: Divine and Human Love in Medieval Europe What is meant by the term “African survival”? How does the concept of time differ in traditional African cultures from Western culture? How was the technology of ironworking introduced to sub-Saharan African? What African societies were most involved and effected by the slave trade? What circumstances created the demand for West African slave labor in the New World? What was the “Atlantic system? What were the effects of colonialism on Africa? Top Chapter 12: West African Languages and Literature: The Oral Tradition and Its Legacy What are some of the differences between the literary traditions of Europe and Africa? In what languages are the earliest known works of African literature written? What are some of the common literary forms of Africa’s oral tradition? What is the Epic of Sundiata? How was the Fulani Empire formed? What is most distinctive about the Yoruba culture from a nonAfrican standpoint? What are some of the commonly shared beliefs of tradition West African religions? What is the function of “proverbs” in the West African oral tradition? Top Chapter 13: Visual and Musical Arts of West Africa Why are African art objects difficult to classify in the way that Western art objects are classified? What are some of the functions of African masks? In what ways do African masks exhibit principles of abstraction? What is “kente cloth?” What is the role of melody in African music? What are some of the similarities between West African music and American jazz? What does the term “call and response” refer to in traditional African music? What is the significance of the Efe/Gelede Festival? What are some examples of symbolism used in the masks worn during the Gelede Festival? Top Chapter 14: An Introduction to the Civilization of India What family of languages do the languages of Northern India belong? Why did Persian influence in the Indus Valley quickly disappear in the 4th century? What was the most significant achievement of the Mauryan Empire? What are some of the reasons that the “Gupta period” is considered India’s classical age? What are some of the difficulties in studying Hindu religion? What do “castes” refer to in Indian society? How does dharma relate to caste? Why did Buddhism cease being a major religion of India within India? What function do images of the gods serve in the Hindu religion? What are the Pandava Raths? Top Chapter 15: An Introduction to the Civilizations of China and Japan How did the religious worship of China’s noble families differ from that of the peasants in ancient China? What evidence is there that China was cultivating silk during the Zhou period? What are some of the advantages of the Chinese writing system? In what ways are Confucianism like a religion? Why is not considered a religion? What was “The Age of Dispersal?” What was significant and special about the Song Dynasty era in China? What are some of the similarities between Peking opera and European opera? What made the period of Yoyoi culture important in the history of Japan? What was the route to social advancement in the Heian Court? What are some of the characteristics of Tanka Poetry? Top Chapter 16: Humanism and the Early Italian Renaissance How was Italian society different from other medieval communities in Europe? Why did the population of Europe undergo such a precipitous drop in the fourteen century? How did humanism compare with scholasticism? In what did the humanists differ from other medieval authors in their use of classical sources? What was Petrarch’s pioneering achievement? How did Salutati go about promoting republican ideals of governing? What effect did the rule of Florence by the Medici have on the ideals of civil humanism championed by Bruni? How were women scholars treated within the humanist movement? What was the difference between the Platonists and the civil humanists in Renaissance Florence? Top Chapter 17: Art and Architecture in Florence How were Brunelleschi's architectural design for the interior of San Lorenzo chapel different from the architecture of the Middle Ages? In what way were Alberti's ideas about architecture consistent with those of civil humanism? What were some of Alberti's belief about the nature of beauty? What were some of the methods developed by Giotto that earned him a reputation for having created a new style of painting? What elements can be found in the works of Masaccio that are missing from those of Giotto? How were Botticelli's works different from those of Piero della Francesca? Top Chapter 18: The End of the Florentine Renaissance: Machiavelli, Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael According to Machiavelli, what would first be required if Italian society was ever to achieve self government? What is the thesis of The Prince with respect to the morality of a successful ruler? What were some of the personal differences between Leonardo and Michelangelo? What did Leonardo consider to be his personal source of wisdom and knowledge? What are some of the reasons that Leonardo's Madonna of the Rocks is an exciting and important work of art? Why did Michelangelo feel conflicted about his art? What is the primary subject of the Sistine Chapel? What do art scholars believe was the basis of Raphael's artistic vision? Top Chapter 19: The Northern Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation What was the goal of Erasmus' Christian scholarship? How was Martin Luther different from other church reformers of his day? Why were the early Calvinist more active in their missionary efforts than the Lutherans? What was the Council of Trent? What role did the Holy Office of the Roman Inquisition play in the counter-reformation? Why does Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina hold a special place among Renaissance composers? What were some of the causes of the economic expansion in the sixteenth century? What effect did the new discoveries in Africa, Asia and Americas have on European culture? How did humanists help foster interest and enthusiasm for the Renaissance theater? In what way was Shakespeare's The Tempest influenced and inspired by ideas and events of the early seventeenth century? Top Chapter 20: The Consolidation of Modernity What were the characteristics that developed into the dominant form of government in the seventeenth century? How was Europe changed by the Thirty Years' War? What important principle of the Scientific Revolution came about from studying newly translated works of Plato and his followers? What was the innovation credited to Copernicus regarding planetary motion? Why was Galileo placed under house arrest by the Inquisition? Why was Francis Bacon important to the Scientific Revolution though he himself is not credited with any important discoveries? Who were some of the scientists who inspired and influenced the work of Isaac Newton? What is the difference between industrial and commercial capitalism? In what way were the works of Locke and Hobbes similar? Top Chapter 21: The Baroque Style in Art and Literature What were the Protestant objections to the artistic conventions of the High Renaissance? How did seventeenth century artists respond to the discovery that earth was not at the center of the universe? What were the differences between baroque and High Renaissance in the visual arts? What were some common subjects for Dutch and German paintings during the baroque period? Why must a painting that is classified as "baroque" be qualified with respect to it time and place or origin? How did Rembrandt convey the internal lives of the people he painted? How was Rembrandt's presentation of light different from the conventions of Renaissance painters? What was remarkable about Jan Vermeer's use of color in his paintings? What are some of Gian Lorenzo Bernini's many accomplishments in the field of baroque architecture? What were some of the prevailing conditions and attitudes that contributed to the emergence of Spanish baroque literature? Top Chapter 22: Two Masters of Baroque Music: Handel and Bach Where did Handel get the libretto for his famous work Messiah? What is the form and function of a recitative? What is an aria? For what reason is Messiah sometimes cut short at the end of the Hallelujah Chorus? In what way were the lives of Bach and Handel very different? How did Bach's work manage to survive despite near total neglect at the time of his death? How did Bach intend listeners to hear his Christmas Oratio? Top Chapter 23: The Arts at the Court of Louis XIV How did Louis XIV change the relationship of the French monarch to the nobility and for what purpose? What was Charles Le Brun's role in the creation of the palace of Versailles? Which is a more historically revealing portrait of Louis XIV, the Equestrian statue by Gian Lorenzo Bernini (Figure 23-9) or the portrait by Hyacinthe Rigaud (Figure 23-10)? What were some of the favorite forms of entertainment in the Court of Louis XIV? How did Louis XIV's title of "Sun King" originate? What were the "three unities" in the classical ideal of drama? What were some of Molière's influences and experiences that contributed to his success writing comedies? What is an epistolary novel? Why was the Princess of Cleves fist published anonymously? Top Chapter 24: The European Enlightenment Who were the philosophes and what was their role in the Enlightenment? Why were Parisian salons important to the development of the Enlightenment? In what way were some of the central tenets of the Enlightenment, which were derived from Locke, contradictory? What was the philosophes attitude toward Protestantism? Toward Catholicism? And toward Christianity generally? What was the political form of government favored by the philosophes? What was Denis Diderot's most well known contribution to the Enlightenment? What countries did Voltaire compare France unfavorably with in his Philosophical Letters and Philosophical Dictionary? What was Voltaire's Treatise on Toleration about? In what way was Montesquieu influential on the development of the United States government? What was Rousseau's contribution to the founding of anthropology? What was genre painting and why was it preferred by Diderot over the rococo style? Top Chapter 25: The Enlightenment in the United States What were the effects of the Great Awakening on established religion in the United States? How did the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) contribute to the outbreak of hostilities between the British and the American colonies twelve years later in the American Revolutionary war? What was the role of the French government in the American Revolution? What was the attitude of the French philosophes toward the American Revolution? How were the American Revolutionaries heirs to the republican traditions of ancient Rome? In what way were Jefferson's views on slavery contradictory? How did Jefferson make his Bible different from a standard Bible of the time? What was Charles Willson Peale's artistic contribution to the new United States? How was Phyllis Wheatley poetry similar to other poets of her time, how was it different? Top Chapter 26: The Classical Style in Music, the Development of Opera, and Mozart's Don Giovanni Who are considered the two great composers of the classical style in music? How were Mozart's compositions different from those of Bach? In what ways did technical innovations change to way music was written, played, and performed? What was the role of the "Camerata" in the development of opera? What are some of the distinctive elements of an opera? What was the origin of the Don Juan character in Mozart's opera Don Giovanni: The Rake Punished? In what way did the development of the servant character, Leporello, contribute to this opera? Top Chapter 27: From Revolution to Romanticism How did the American Revolution influence the French Revolution? What were the three classes that all French citizens were divided into in pre-Revolutionary France? What class of French society was the first to revolt? What was the "Reign of Terror"? What were some of the legal reforms introduced by Napoleon? How did the French Revolution change warfare? In what way did Jacques-Louis David's influence romanticism? What was Jean Jacque Rousseau's role in the transition from the Enlightenment to romanticism? What are some of the elements that make Beethoven's Ninth Symphony a romantic work? What were some of the qualities of the romantic hero? How did the Greek god Prometheus come to symbolize the romantic hero? What was Rousseau's influence on how educated people looked upon nature? What were some of the common themes of nineteenth century female writers? How were women portrayed in American Romantic fiction? Top Chapter 28: The Industrial Revolution and New Social Thought What are some of the reasons that the industrial revolution is considered one of the most important events in the history of the human race? What factors helped Britain lead the way in the Industrial Revolution? According to Marx, who were the founders of the medieval merchant class? How was Marxism received by workers in the most industrialized countries? Why did John Stuart Mill become disillusioned with liberalism? Why were conditions on the sugar plantations especially bad for slaves? What were "slave narratives"? How did the abolitionist movement first become organized? Why is the black woman abolitionist leader Sojourner Truth perhaps best known as a champion of women's rights? Top Chapter 29: Art and Literature in the Industrial World: Realism and Beyond Why was the design and construction of the Crystal Palace, created for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London, an important milestone for Western architecture? What were some of the aesthetic principles underlying the commercial style of architecture? How does the "realism" that the painters Gustave Courbet and Ford Maddox Brown sought to convey differ from that of Thomas Eakins? Why was the novel the literary form best suited to realism? Why is Charles Dickens sometimes and sometimes not classified as a realist? How did Darwin's theory of evolution influential the literary movement called "naturalism"? Why were the plays written by Henrik Ibsen controversial? Why was Charles Baudelaire put on trial in 1857? According to Nietzsche, what two cultural impulses led to the birth of Greek Tragedy? What did Doesteyevsky consider the dangers of material progress as symbolized by the Crystal Palace? What was the "Salon of the Refused"? Who were some of the artist involved in the postimpressionist movement and how were they different from Monet and Cézanne? Top Chapter 30: Colonialism, the Great War, and Cultural Change What was the "new imperialism"? What principle did the "Berlin Conference" of 1885 establish? How was colonialism in Asia different from colonialism in Africa? How did Mohandas Ghandi lead India on the path to independence from Britain? What was the basis for the military alliance between Turkey and Germany prior to World War I? What were some of the effects of colonialism on Africa? How was racist ideology used to justify colonialism? How did the League of Nations help foster the prolonged existence of colonialism after World War I? What were some of the literary outcomes resulting form World War I? What was the purpose of Freud's method called "free association"? How did the postwar period in the United States differ from that of Europe? Why did many Europeans from the middle and working classes turn to fascism after World War I? What was the role of the United States in the Spanish Civil War in the mid-1930's? Top Chapter 31: Modernism: Visual Arts, Music, and Dance Why did many American artists leave the United States for Paris in the 1920's? What two important trends came about in painting during the early years of the twentieth century? How did the work of Cézanne influence Picasso? What elements of African art fascinated and influenced European artists? What are some of the ideas expressed by Wassily Kandinksy in his treatise On The Spiritual in Art? What was the "Blue Rider group"? How did African American artists respond to the interest in African art that was stimulated by Picasso and others? What were some of the influences on the work of painter Romare Beardon? What was the "Ashcan School"? What was Frank Lloyd Wright's primary interest in the early years of his career? What was the mission of the Bauhaus? Top Chapter 32: Modernism: Theater and Literature How did "modernism" differ from other artistic movements? What did Antonin Artaud mean when he advocated for a "theater of cruelty"? In what way was American and European literature a literature of exiles in the 1920's? What were some of the innovations and experiments with the inner sense of time explored in the modernist novel? What was the central thesis of Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own? What is meant by Eliot's "objective correlative"? What was the purpose of the négritude movement? What were some of the social forces that helped inspire the Harlem Renaissance? How are the works of Latin American writers Mariano Azuela and Ciro Alegria different from those of Miguel Angel Asturias and Pablo Neruda? Top Chapter 33: Absurdity and Alienation: World War II and the Postwar Period What was the outcome of the War for Greater East Asia? What was the "American dilemma" after World War II, according to Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal? What is meant by "neocolonialism"? What was the "Balfour Declaration"? According to Sartre's existentialism what determines who one is? What is Camus' idea of the absurd and how does he believe people should respond to it? What is a "Rhinehart" in Ralph Ellison's novel, The Invisible Man? Who were the "beats"? How did Jackson Pollock believe his paintings related to his unconscious mind? Top Chapter 34: Postcolonialism, Postmodernism, and Beyond In what way did the Viet Nam war represent a watershed in the political life of the United States? How did the "Black Power" movement different from the civil rights movement led by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.? How was the balance of power changed by the end of the Cold War? What was the al-Aqsa intifada? What are some of the benefits and problems with globalization? How did Black aesthetic art differ from the race conscious art of African American that preceded it? What are some of the technological changes that contribute to the emergence of a postmodern world? What were some of the criticism of the International Style in architecture? What are the methods used by postmodern composers to make a statement? What has been the fate traditional genres and classifications of the arts in the postmodern era? Top





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