One of the most dramatic developments after World War II was the emergence of the Third World, or the developing nations. In Asia, Africa, and Latin America, national liberation movements worked to free countries from the imperialism of the industrialized world. These movements resulted in the independence of European colonies in Africa and Asia. It also led to the growth of stronger, more popularly supported governments in places such as China and Latin America. Despite differences in culture, religion, and heritage, almost all the nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America shared a common goal: they hoped to develop more modern economies that would raise the living standards of their citizens to match those in the West. Some were successful, such as South Korea and Taiwan, but most were not. Nevertheless, most of these societies underwent profound transformations in agriculture, urbanizationation, environmental development, and social relations. The following activities will focus on these broad themes while exploring how developing nations met the challenges of the second half of the twentieth century and where these efforts are going as the new century approaches.

Helpful Hints:

• You may want to begin by printing this page. As you explore different sites, use the printout to refer back to the instructions and questions detailed in each activity.
  
  
• On many web sites you can increase the size of the images by clicking on them. Whenever possible, use the larger images to examine fine details in photographs.
  
  

Activity One:

• One problem that plagued the developing world throughout the second half of the twentieth century was population growth. Go to Total Midyear World Population 1950-2050. How much did world population grow between 1950 and 2000? To see the developing world's share in this population growth, go to U.S. Census Bureau: Rank Countries by Population and enter the year 1950 in the box provided. Next to rank, mark "top 10." Click "Submit Query." Of the countries that appear, which were developed nations and which were developing? Repeat the process for the years 1970 and 2000. (You might want to print out the results to make it easier to compare and contrast.) How did population distribution change over these fifty years? By the year 2000, what percentage of the world population was concentrated in the highest populated developing countries?
  
  
• Analyze why developing countries grow faster than developed countries. You might want to review "The Medical Revolution and the Population Explosion" on pages 1121-1122 of McKay, A History of World Socities (Fifth Edition).
  
  

Activity Two:

• This population explosion in the developing world provoked a variety of responses from academics and government officials. Go to Paul Ehrlich. Keeping in mind that this article is critical of Ehrlich's views, describe Ehrlich's concerns about the growth in world population after 1945. In particular, what problems did he believe it posed for developing countries? What solutions did he propose?
  
  
• Compare Ehrlich's outlooks with those of Norman Borlaug's at The Atlantic Monthly: Forgotten Benefactor of Humanity. Describe Borlaug's approach to the strains of overpopulation in the developing world. Define the Green Revolution and Borlaug's role in it. In what regions of the world was it most pronounced? What do critiques of the Green Revolution argue are the long-range consequences of high-yield agriculture? Debate Borlaug's claim that Some of the environmental lobbyists of the Western nations are the salt of the earth, but many of them are elitists. They've never experienced the physical sensation of hunger. They do their lobbying from comfortable office suites in Washington or Brussels. If they lived just one month amid the misery of the developing world, as I have for fifty years, they'd be crying out for tractors and fertilizer and irrigation canals and be outraged that fashionable elitists back home were trying to deny them these things.
  
  
• Which approach do you think is more appropriate for the developing world in the twenty-first century - Erlich's or Borlaug's?
  
  

Activity Three:

• Rapid urbanization in developing countries is one outgrowth of population expansion and the Green Revolution. In many ways, cities in the developing world face the same problems that those in the industrialized world did during the nineteenth century. Go to World Resources Institute: Abidjan: A Portrait of the African Urban Experience, Housing Program for Cali's Poor Encourages Self-Help, Ranking Bangkok's Urban Environmental Problems, and Designing Sustainable Solutions for Cities. These articles explore the plight of cities in Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. Make a list of problems that are endemic to them all. How are these cities dealing with these issues? Are the strategies they have adopted similar to each other or different? Which have proved most successful? Do you believe that there are broad solutions to the problems associated with urbanization in the developing world or that each city must develop its own unique strategies?
  
  

Activity Four:

• Most developing countries' governments have also struggled with the legacy of imperialism since 1945. For many, the problem remains. Go to Kwame Nkrumah: Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism. Define neocolonialism (often referred to as neoimperialism). What problems did it present for Third World governments striving to improve the living standards of their people?
  
  
• For India's response to this challenge, go to Modern History Sourcebook: Jawaharlal Nehru: Marxism, Capitalism and Non-Alignment. In rejecting British domination of the Indian economy, Nehru was attracted to the Soviet model for development. What about the Soviet Union's recent history appealed to Nehru? What aspects of the Soviet Union did he dislike? Analyze how he viewed the Soviet Union as a model for the new Indian nation. Under Nehru's leadership, India's government instituted five-year plans to promote the industrialization of the country and to lessen its dependence on Western nations. India has succeeded in establishing a strong industrial base as it enters the twenty-first century, yet the average Indian still lives in poverty.
  
  
• The section "Growing Diversity Since 1980" on pages 1133-1134 of McKay, A History of World Societies (Fifth Edition), describes more successful stories. Other nations have failed miserably in their efforts to modernize. Go to Scratching the Surface: Kwame Ture: Reflections on Neocolonialism and Zaire. Describe the problems that have prevented Zaire (now the Congo) from modernizing its economy. What has prevented the development of a strong central government capable of shifting its economic development?
  
  

Activity Five:

• The changes in the developing world since 1945 have had a profound impact on women. For more information, go to Women in Nigeria Today, Women and Education, Domestic Servants Overseas, Saudi Women: Education and Work, and A Woman's View: The Poverty of Women. Analyze how the changes in the developing world have affected women. Were women affected differently than men by urbanization, the Green Revolution, and government efforts to modernize their economies? Have Third World governments responded to the needs of women? Why or why not?
  
  

Activity Six:

• For one analyst's take on the future of the developing world, read Robert Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy. List and briefly describe the multiple problems that he claims plague the developing world, such as tribalism and urbanization. What predictions does he have about the future of the Third World? What regions does he single out as having brighter prospects than others? Why does he see more potential in these places than in others? Why does he single out Africa as the most disturbing region he covers? Debate his claim that "we ignore this dying region at our own risk."