1. What were Nietzsche's attitudes toward Christianity and democracy?
2. Why were the Nazis drawn to Nietzsche's thought?
3. What does Dostoevski's Underground Man mean when he says that life is more than "simply extracting square roots"?
4. How did Bergson reflect the growing irrationalism of the age?
5. How did Sorel show the political potential of the nonrational?
6. In what way was Freud a child of the Enlightenment? How did he differ from the philosophes?
7. For Durkheim, what constituted the crisis of modern society? How did he try to resolve it?
8. What, in Pareto's judgment, was the problem with the democratic state?
9. According to Le Bon, how are individuals transformed once they become part of a crowd? How does the leader sway the crowd?
10. For Weber, what was the terrible paradox of reason?
11. What were the standards of esthetics that had governed Western literature and art since the Renaissance?
12. What view of the universe was held be westerners around 1880? How was this view altered by modern physics?
13. In what ways was the Enlightenment tradition in disarray in the early twentieth century?