1. What forces worked for and against Italian unity?
2. Mazzini was the soul, Cavour the brains, and Garibaldi the sword in the struggle for the unification of Italy. Discuss this statement.
3. Why is it significant that Prussia rather than the Frankfurt Assembly in 1848 served as the agent of German unification?
4. Prussia's victory over Austria was a triumph or conservatism over liberalism. Discuss this statement.
5. What was the significance of the Franco-Prussian war for European history?
6. In the Hapsburg Empire, nationalism was a force of disunity. Discuss this statement.
7. What was the appeal of Volkish thought?
8. Why is racial nationalism a repudiation of the Enlightenment tradition and a regression to mythical thinking?
9. What is the relationship between medieval and modern anti-Semitism?
10. Anti-Semites attributed to Jews everything that they found repellant in the modern world. Discuss this statement.
11. Anti-Semitism demonstrates the immense power and danger of mythical thinking?