1. How did realism differ from romanticism?
2. How did realism and naturalism reflect attitudes of mind shaped by science, industrialism, and secularism?
3. What was the relationship between positivism and science?
4. What was Comte's "law of the three stages"?
5. What were the consequences of Darwin's theory of evolution for areas other than science?
6. Why were the basic tenets of Social Darwinism, and why were those theories so popular?
7. What did Marx have in common with the philosophes of the Enlightenment?
8. What did Marx's philosophy of history owe to Hegel's? How did it diverge from Hegel's?
9. What relationship did Marx see between economics and politics? What relationship did he see between economics and thought?
10. Why did Marxism attract so many followers?
11. What was the historical importance of Marx and his ideas?
12. What weaknesses in Marxism have critics pointed out?
13. Why was Marx convinced that capitalism was doomed? How would its destruction happen?
14. Why did Proudhon hate government?
15. In what ways did Marx and Bakunin differ?
16. Relate the theories of Mill, Green, and Spencer to the evolution of liberalism. What are the similarities and differences among them?
17. To what extent did the feminist movement grow from certain ideals that emerged during the course of Western history? What arguments were used by opponents of equal rights for women?