| 1845-47 |
Great famine in Ireland |
| 1851 |
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the Second Republic, becoming Emperor
Napoleon III |
| 1860s |
Irish movement for republican form of government (the Fenians); Civil War in
the United States; unification movements in German and Italian states; Dual
Monarchy in Austria-Hungary |
| 1861 |
Kingdom of Italy is formed; Tsar Alexander II emancipates the serfs and institutes reforms in Russia |
| 1863 |
Emancipation of slaves in the United States |
| 1864 |
Marx founds the First International Workingmen's Association |
| 1867 |
Second Reform Bill passes, doubling the English electorate |
| 1870-71 |
Franco-Prussian War; Paris Commune; creation of the German Empire |
| 1873 |
Great Depression; the Kulturkampf in Germany |
| 1875 |
German Social Democratic party founded |
| 1880s |
Parnell leads the Irish home rule movement |
| 1881 |
Tsar Alexander II is assassinated |
| 1884 |
Reform Bill grants suffrage to most English men |
| 1889 |
Second International Workingmen's Association is founded |
| 1891 |
Trans-Siberian Railroad constructed |
| 1894-1906 |
The Dreyfus affair in France |
| 1903-1905 |
Russo-Japanese War |
| 1905 |
Revolution of 1905 in Russia |
| 1909 |
Lloyd George introduces "people's budget" |
| 1911 |
Power of House of Lords limited by act of Parliament |
