| 1820 |
Revolt in Spain |
| 1821 |
Austria crushes revolts in Italy |
| 1823 |
French troops crush revolt in Spain |
| 1825 |
Uprising in Russia crushed by Nicholas I |
| 1829 |
Greece gains independence from the Ottoman Empire |
| 1830 |
July Ordinances in France are followed by a revolution, which forces Charles
X to abdicate |
| August 1830 |
Belgian revolution |
| October 1830 |
Belgians declare their independence from Holland, establishing a liberal government |
| 1831 |
Polish revolution fails |
| 1831-32 |
Austrian forces crush a revolution in Italy |
| 1832 |
Reform Act extends suffrage to the middle class in Britain |
| 1848 |
Year of revolution |
| February 1848 |
Revolution in Paris: Louis Philippe abdicates, and France becomes a republic |
| March 1848 |
Uprisings in capital cities of the German states lead to liberal reforms |
| March 18-22, 1848 |
"Five Glorious Days" in Milan |
| March 22, 1848 |
Citizens of Venice declare their freedom from Austria and establish a republic |
| June 1848 |
June Days of Paris: revolutionaries are beaten by professional soldiers |
| August 1848 |
Constitutional Assembly meets in Vienna and abolishes serfdom in the Austrian
Empire |
| December 1848 |
Louis Napoleon is elected president of the Second Republic of France |
| August 1849 |
Hungarians' bid for independence is crushed by Hapsburg forces, aided by Russian troops |
