1. Society and Politics in Archaic Greece, 750-500 B.C.
   Divided into hundreds of warring city-states, leagues, and monarchies, Archaic Greece cultivated political and philosophical innovations out of a common distinctive outlook.
   1. Agriculture, Trade, Colonization, and Warfare
      An expanding population, agriculture, and commerce led Greek society into an era of colonization and military change, which strengthened community identity.
   2. Emergence of the Polis
      Community identity and an emphasis on equality anchored the typical Greek political unit of the polis.
   3. Tyranny
      Tyrants initially emerged as political champions of the common people, but when later tyrants became oppressive, they were overthrown.
   4. Sparta
      A closed, military society, conservative Sparta exemplified community spirit and respect for the law. The economic base of Spartan society was the helots, a class of serfs ruled by terror.
   5. Early Athens
      In the early sixth century B.C., Solon led Athens into a new age of economic and political opportunity. Solon mediated between the old aristocratic elite, the new merchant elite, and the poorer citizens.
2. The Culture of Archaic Greece
   Interest in individualism fueled creative activity in poetry, sculpture, literature, and philosophy.
   1. Revealing the Self: Lyric Poetry and Sculpture
      Artists and authors revealed intimate, sometimes sensual, details about their personal lives and ideals through their works.
   2. Religious Faith and Practice
      Greek religion emphasized divination and divine justice, and each polis claimed a particular Olympian god as its patron and protector.
   3. The Origins of Western Philosophy
      The study of nature led to rationalism, the basis of Greek philosophy.
3. Classical Greece
   As the principles of modern democracy emerged in Athens, the Greeks defeated the Persian Empire, but then fell to warring among themselves.
   1. The Development of Demokratia, 508-321 B.C.
      Overthrowing tyranny, Cleisthenes opened the door for Athenian democracy to flourish in the age of Pericles.
   2. How Demokratia Worked
      Participating through the assembly, large numbers of ordinary citizens made key decisions in Athenian political life. Women, slaves, and foreigners, however, were excluded from citizenship.
   3. The Persian Wars, 499-479 B.C.
      Challenging the imperial power of Persia, Athens's navy and Sparta's army led the Greeks to victory.
   4. Struggles to Dominate Greece, 478-362 B.C.
      After defeating Persia, competition and conflict among the city-states eventually led to a devastating war between Athens and Sparta.
4. The Public Culture of Classical Greece
   The polis inspired art and literature that celebrated and advanced the ideals of public life.
   1. Religion and Art
      As Greek religion adapted to the needs of a new age, artists produced sculptures idealizing the human form.
   2. The Sophists and Socrates
      Challenges to the philosophical and political standards came from the teachings of Sophists and the questions of Socrates.
   3. Plato and Aristotle
      Socrates; his student, Plato; and his pupil, Aristotle, laid the foundations of Western philosophy and education.
   4. Athenian Drama
      Aristophanes' comedies and the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides conveyed the concerns and culture of the polis.
   5. Historical Thought and Writing
      Herodotus and Thucydides pioneered rationalistic, thematic historical writing.