After you've read each chapter, you should be able to do the following:

1. Explain the major purposes and achievements of the Congress of Vienna;
2. Compare and contrast the political and cultural expressions of conservatism, romanticism, nationalism, liberalism, and socialism;
3. Discuss the political development of postNapoleonic regimes to 1848;
4. Identify the common and particular causes behind the uprisings of 1848 for individual European states;
5. Assess the roles of nationalism and liberalism in inciting and sustaining revolution;
6. Describe the new and permanent features created by the revolutions of 1848.