appeasement British policy that granted Hitler everything he could reasonably want (and more) in order to avoid war. (p. 972)






Black Shirts a private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy. (p. 965)

blitzkrieg "lightening war" using planes, tanks, and trucks, the first example of which Hitler used to crush Poland in four weeks. (p. 975)






collectivization the forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large, state-controlled enterprises. (p. 960)






Enabling Act act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis which gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years. (p. 969)

Europe first American policy that promised huge military aid and helped solidify the anti-Hitler coalition. (p. 979)






fascism a movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, an antisocialism aimed at destroying working-class movements, alliances with powerful capitalists and landowners, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of war and the military. (p. 957)

five-year plan launched by Stalin and termed "revolution from above," the ultimate goal of the plans was to generate new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity. (p. 957)

Fuhrer "leader-dictator" with unlimited, arbitrary power, this name was bestowed upon Adolf Hitler.(p. 967)






kulaks better-off peasants who were stripped under Stalin of land and livestock. They were generally not permitted to join the collective farms and many of them starved or were deported to force-labor camps for "re-education." (p. 960)






Lateran Agreement a 1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as a tiny independent state, with Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support. In turn, the pope expressed his satisfaction and urged Italians to support Mussolini’s government. (p. 966)






Nazism a movement born of extreme nationalism and racism and dominated by Adolph Hitler for as long as it lasted. (p. 967)

New Economic Policy (NEP) Lenin’s policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration. (p. 958)

New Order Hitler program based on the guiding principle of racial imperialism, which gave preferential treatment to the Nordic peoples. The French, an "inferior" Latin people, occupied a middle position. Slavs in the conquered territories to the east were treated with harsh hatred as "subhumans." (p. 977)






totalitarianism a dictatorship that exercises unprecedented control over the masses and seeks to mobilize them for action. (p. 954)