Afrikaners descendants of the Dutch in the Cape Colony. (p. 869)






Berlin conference held in 1884 and 1885 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa, it established the principle that European claims to African territory had to rest on "effective occupation" in order to be recognized by other states. (pp. 869-871)






great migration a great movement that was the central experience in the saga of Western expansion, one reason why the West’s impact on the world in the nineteenth century was so powerful and many-sided. (p. 863)

Great Rebellion the 1857 and 1858 insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in the British army which spread throughout northern and central India before finally being crushed, primarily by loyal native troops from southern India. Britain thereafter ruled India directly. (p. 878)

great white walls laws designed by Americans and Australians to keep Asians out. (p. 868)






hundred days of reform launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet foreign challenge. (p. 882)






khedive a prince in Egypt. (p. 862)






new imperialism the drive to create vast political empires abroad, recalling the old European colonial empires of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and contrasting with the economic penetration of non-Western territories between 1816 and 1880. (p. 868)






opium trade grown legally in British-occupied India and smuggled into China by means of fast ships and bribed officials, opium became a "destructive and ensnaring vice" of the Chinese. (p. 860)






samurai Japanese warrior nobility who were often poor, restless, and intensely proud. (p. 879)

shogun the hereditary governor in feudal Japan. (p. 879)

swallows Italian migrants who had no intention of settling abroad permanently, going to Argentina to harvest between December and April and returning to Italy for the spring planting. A frugal worker could save $250-300 in the course of a season. (p. 866)






Third World a term widely used by international organizations and by scholars to group Africa, Asia, and Latin America into a single unit. (p. 856)






white man’s burden the idea that Europeans could and should "civilize" more primitive, nonwhite peoples and that nonwhites would eventually receive the benefits of modern economics, cities, advanced medicine, and higher standards of living. (p. 875)