Albigensians a group of people who rejected not only the hierarchical organization and the sacraments of the church, but the Roman church itself. (p. 369)






baillis/seneschals royal agents under Philip Augustus named Baillis in the north and seneschals in the south who were sent from Paris into the provinces to act for him. (p. 336)






circuit judges royal officials who traveled a given circuit or district to hear civil or criminal cases. (p. 341)

common law a law that originated in, and was applied by, the kings court. (p. 341)






Domesday Book record of a survey ordered by William the Conqueror to determine how much wealth that was in his new kingdom, who held what land, and what land had been disputed among his vassals - it is a invaluable source of social and economic information. (p. 334)






Exchequer bureau of finance as established by William the Conqueror’s son Henry I. (p. 338)






Gothic the term for the architectural and artistic style that prevailed in Europe from the mid-twelfth to the sixteenth century. (p. 361)

guilds communal enterprises, people commonly linked by similar occupations as united enterprise provided them with greater security and less risk of losses than did individual action. (p. 349)






Hanseatic League a mercantile association of towns which allowed for mutual protection and security. (p. 354)






Landfrieden sworn peace associations with prices of various regions as instituted in 1158 by Frederick Barbarossa as a solution to the problem of private warfare and violations of peace. (p. 336)

Landgericht regional magistracies who dispensed justice in serious criminal cases with the right to execute a criminal. (p. 344)






Magna Carta a peace treaty that was intended to address the grievances that particular groups - the baron, the clergy, the merchants of London - had against King John. (p. 343)

master masons workers who were paid higher wages than other mason, their contracts usually ran for several years, and great care was taken in their selection - they had overall responsibility for supervision for the project. (p. 364)






precedent a decision in an important case that served as n authority for deciding similar cases. (p. 344)






relief a tax implemented by Henry I that required a son who wished to inherit his father’s properties to pay the king. (p. 338)






scholastics "schoolmen", they developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of the question. (p. 358)

scutage money taken from the knights by Henry I paid in lieu of the performance of military service. (p. 338)

summa reference books created by scholastics on the topics of law, philosophy, vegetation, animal life, and theology. (p. 360)






tallage tax paid by townspeople that was arbitrarily laid by the king. (p. 339)

town liberties included the privilege of living and trading on the lords’ land and the most important one being personal freedom. (p. 349)






Unam Sanctam letter written in 1302 names as such because its opening sentence spoke of one holy Catholic church in which Boniface insisted that all Christians were subject to the pope. (p. 371)