Albigensians a heretical sect that rejected orthodox doctrine on the relationship of God and man, the sacraments, and clerical hierarchy. (p. 278)






Battle of Lechfeld a battle in which the Hungarians were defeated by the German king Otto I, it halted the Magyars’ threat to Germany and made Otto a great hero to the Germans. (p. 267)






Capetian dynasty a period of time in France were the Capet family were the leaders of the country starting with Hugh Capet in 987, they saved France from further division and laid the foundation for later political stability. (p. 266)

Clermont the place from which Pope Urban II in 1095 called for a great Christian holy war against infidels. (p. 277)

college of cardinals the groups of cardinals that have the authority and power to elect the pope and who otherwise are responsible for governing the church when the office of the pope is vacant. (p. 273)

Crusades holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims in the late 11th and early 12th centuries. (p. 277)

curia Romana (Roman Curia) the papal court - the papacy’s administrative bureaucracy and its court of law. (p. 276)






excommunication being cut off from the sacraments and all Christian worship, a penalty used by the Catholic Church. (p. 274)






Las Navas de Tolosa a battle were Alfonso VIII crushed the Muslims in 1212 therefore accelerating the Christian push southward. (p. 285)

lay investiture the selection and appointment of church officials by secular authority. (p. 274)

leprosaria hospitals that housed medieval lepers that were isolated due to the horrible smell emitted from their gangrenous sores and slowly rotting arms and legs. (p. 269)






Nicolaties the name given to priests who were married or living with a woman. (p. 273)






Ostiedlung orientation to the East, the plan of Ambert the Bear to reclaim the conquer and colonize the Eastern Europe. (p. 284)






reconquista reconquest, a scared and patriotic crusade to the west. (p. 285)






Sephardic Jews a group of Jews that settled along the trade routs of western Europe and that drainage the 11th century played a major role in the international trade between Muslim middle east and west. (p. 278)

simony the sale of church offices. (p. 271)






Worms a conference in 1122 that was called to bring an end to the debate on lay investiture, it was with a compromise that bishops were to be chosen according to canon law that is by the clergy in the presence of an emperor or his delegate. (p. 276)