acid rock rock music having a driving, repetitive beat and lyrics that suggest psychedelic drug experiences

Alliance for Progress program proposed by JFK in 1961 through which the US provided for social and economic programs in Latin America; Congress trimmed appropriations following his death






Barry Goldwater conservative Republican senator from Arizona who ran unsuccessfully for president in 1965

Bay of Pigs 1961 invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles and mercenaries sponsored by the CIA; the invasion was crushed within 3 days and embarrassed the US

Beatles English rock group that gained international fame in 1964 and disbanded in 1970; known for the intelligence of their lyrics and their sophisticated instrumentation

Betty Friedan feminist who wrote The Feminine Mystique in 1963 and helped found the National Organization for Women in 1966

Black Muslims popular name for the Nation of Islam, an African-American religious group found by Elijah Muhammed, which professed Islamic religious beliefs and emphasized black separatism

Black Panthers black revolutionary party founded in 1966 that endorsed violence as a means of social change; many of its leaders were killed in confrontations with police or imprisoned

Black Power movement begun in 1966 that rejected the nonviolent coalition-building approach of traditional civil rights groups and advocated black control of black organizations






Civil Rights Act of 1964 barred segregation in public facilities and forbade employers to discriminate on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin

consciousness-raising achieving greater awareness of the nature of political or social issues through group interaction

counterculture subculture espousing values or lifestyles in opposition to those of the established culture; prominent in the 19602 as members adopted lifestyles that stressed communal living, drugs, Asian religion, and free sexual expression






de facto “by fact”; in this case, refers to ways in which society, regardless of the law, discriminated against African Americans

de jure “by law”; in this case, refers to laws that had segregated the South (Jim Crow laws)






filibuster obstructionist tactic of prolonged speechmaking used in the legislature to prevent a vote or stall discussion on a bill

flexible response JFK’s strategy of considering a variety of military and nonmilitary options when facing foreign policy decisions

free love popular belief among members of the counterculture in the 1960s that sexual activities should be unconstrained

freedom march March 1965 civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama; the violent treatment of protestors by local authorities helped galvanize national opinion against segregationists

freedom riders civil rights protesters who rode buses throughout the South in 1961 to press for integration in bus terminals

Freedom Summer effort by civil rights groups in Mississippi to register black voters and cultivate black pride during the summer of 1964






Great Society social program announced by Johnson in 1965; it included the War on Poverty, protection of civil rights, and funding education






Hippies members of the counterculture in the 1960s who rejected the competitiveness and materialism of American society and searched for peace, love, and autonomy






James Meredith black student admitted to the University of Mississippi under federal court order in 1962; in spite of rioting by racist mobs, he finished the year and graduated in 1963






Keynesian economic theories of Lord John Maynard Keynes, who in the 1920s and 1930s argued for government intervention in the economy; he believed that government expansion of the money supply could stimulate economic growth during periods of recession and depression






Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963 treaty signed by the US, the USSR, and nearly 100 other nations, banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space, and underwater






Malcolm X black activist who advocated black separatism as a member of the Nation of Islam; in 1963 he converted to orthodox Islam and was assassinated 2 years later

March on Washington meeting of 250,000 civil rights supporters in Washington in 1963, at which Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech

Medicaid program of health insurance for the poor established in 1965; provides states with money to buy healthcare for people on welfare

Medicare program of health insurance for the elderly and disabled established in 1965; it provides government payment for healthcare supplied by private doctors and hospitals






National Organization for Women women’s rights organization founded in 1966 to fight discrimination against women, to improve educational, employment, and political opportunities for women, and to fight for equal pay for equal work

new economics planning and shaping the national economy through the use of tax policies and federal spending as recommended by Keynesian economics

New Frontier John F. Kennedy’s program for social and education reform; though charismatically presented, it was largely resisted by Congress

Ngo Dinh Diem president of South Vietnam (1954-1963) who jailed and tortured opponents of his rule; assassinated in 1963

nonviolence rejection of violence in favor of peaceful tactics as a means of achieving political objectives






Operation Mongoose Kennedy authorized this mission in November 1961 to create conditions for the overthrow of Castro; $50 million budget






Peace Corps program established by JFK in 1961 to send young American volunteers to other nations as educators, health workers, and technicians

Port Huron Statement 1962 critique of the Cold War and American materialism and complacency by SDS; called for “participatory democracy” and for universities to be centers of free speech and activism

public order laws laws passed by many southern communities to discourage civil rights protests; they allowed the police to arrest anyone suspected of intending to disrupt public order






sit-in the act of occupying the seats or an area of a segregated establishments to protest racial discrimination; CORE had used the tactic in the 1940 to integrate place of public accommodation

Stokely Carmichael civil rights activist who led SNCC and popularized the term “Black Power” to describe the need for blacks to use militant tactics to force whites to accept political change

Strategic Air Command military unit formed in March 1946 to conduct long-range operations anywhere in the world; its first strategic plan, completed in 1949, projected nuclear attacks on seventy Soviet cities; it was abolished in 1992, becoming US Strategic Command

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) organization formed to give young blacks a greater voice in the civil rights movement; it initiated black voter registration drives, sit-ins, and freedom rides

Students for a Democratic Society left-wing student organization founded in 1962 to criticize American materialism and work for social justice






Thurgood Marshall African-American lawyer who argued the Brown case before the Supreme Court; appointed to the federal court by JFK, he became the first African-American Supreme Court justice

Timothy Leary Harvard professor and counterculture figure who advocated the expansion of consciousness through the use of drugs such as LSD

Title VII provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that guarantees women legal protection against discrimination






underclass the lowest economic class

urban renewal effort to revitalize rundown areas of cities by providing federal funding for the construction of apartment houses, office buildings, and public facilities






Viet Cong Vietnamese communist rebels in South Vietnam

Voting Rights Act 1965 law that outlawed literacy tests and authorized federal supervision of elections in areas where black voting had been restricted






War on Poverty Lyndon Johnson’s program to help Americans escape poverty through education, job training, and community development

Watts predominantly black neighborhood of Los Angeles where August 1965 race riots did $45 million in damage and took the lives of 28 blacks

Woodstock free rock concert in New York in August 1969; attracted 400,000 people and was remembered as the classic expression of the counterculture