Aaron Burr New York lawyer and 1796 vice-presidential candidate; he became Jefferson’s vice president in 1801 after the House of Representatives broke a deadlock in the Electoral College

acculturation changes in the culture of a group or an individual as a result of contact with a different culture

African Methodist Episcopal Church African-American branch of Methodism established in Philadelphia in 1816 and in New York in 1821

Albert Gallatin Jefferson’s Treasury secretary; favored limited government and reduced the federal debt by cutting spending

Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 acts designed to prevent immigrants from participating in politics and to silence the anti-Federalist press

anti-expansionist opposed to the policy of expanding a country by acquiring new territory

appropriation public funds authorized for a specific purpose






balance of payments difference between a nation’s total payments to foreign countries and its total receipts from abroad






Calvinists Protestant followers of John Calvin, whose theology emphasizes the absolute power of God, human sinfulness, and people’s inability to effect salvation

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Federalist politician and brother of Thomas Pinckney; he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Paris in 1796 during a period of unfriendly relations between France and the United States

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord French foreign minister appointed by the revolutionary government in 1797; he later aided Napoleon Bonaparte’s overthrow of that government and served as his foreign minister

conciliatory striving to overcome distrust or to regain good will

constitutional according to the Constitution

cooper person who makes or repairs wooden barrels






evangelicalism Protestant movements that stress the importance of personal conversion and salvation by faith

excise tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a commodity or on the use of a service within a country






François Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture black revolutionary who liberated the island of Santo Domingo, only to see it reinvaded by the French in 1802

Fries’s Rebellion 1799 tax revolt by Pennsylvania citizens that was suppressed by federal forces; leader John Fries was condemned to death for treason, but received a presidential pardon






Henry Ware liberal Congregationalist who was elected senior theologian at Harvard College in 1805, making Unitarianism the dominant religious view at the previously Calvinist stronghold






impeach to formally charge a public official with criminal conduct in office






James Forten African-American entrepreneur with a successful sailmaking business in Philadelphia who provided leadership for black business enterprises and advocated both racial integration and equal rights during the Jeffersonian era

John Marshall Virginia lawyer and politician who became chief justice of the Supreme Court; his legal decisions helped shape the role of the Supreme Court in American government

judicial review power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress and by the states

Judiciary Act of 1801 Federalist Congress passed this law to increase the number of federal courts and judicial positions; President Adams rushed to fill these positions with Federalists before his term ended






lame duck officeholder who has failed to win, or is ineligible for, re-election but whose term in office has not yet ended

Louisiana Purchase 1803 purchase from France for $15 million; extended from Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains






Mandan Indians Sioux-speaking Native American group that lived in permanent villages and practiced agriculture in the Red River Valley in present-day North Dakota; they hosted the Lewis and Clark expedition during the winter of 1804

manifesto written statement publicly declaring the views of its author

Marbury v. Madison 1801 Supreme Court decision declaring part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, establishing an important precedent in favor of judicial review

Meriwether Lewis Jefferson aide who was sent to the Louisiana Territory in 1803; he later served as its governor






Napoleon Bonaparte general who took control of the French government at the end of France’s revolutionary period; eventually proclaimed himself emperor of France and conquered much of the continent of Europe

Natchez Trace road connecting Natchez, Mississippi, with Nashville, Tennessee; it was commercially and strategically important in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

naturalized granted full citizenship (after having been born in a foreign country)






opposition party political party opposed to the party or government in power






Piegan Indians branch of the Blackfoot Indians who resided in areas of what is now Montana during the late 18th and early 19th centuries

precedent event or decision that may be used as an example in similar cases






Quasi-War diplomatic crisis triggered by the XYZ affair; fighting occurred between the US and France, but neither side formally declared war






rationalism theory that the exercise of reasons, rather than the acceptance of authority or spiritual revelation, is the only valid basis for belief and the best source of spiritual truth






Sacajawea Shoshone woman who served as guide and interpreter on the Lewis and Clark expedition

Santo Domingo Caribbean island shared by modern nations of Haiti and Santo Domingo; Christopher Columbus originally named it Hispaniola

sedition conduct or language inciting rebellion against the authority of the state

spendthrift person who spends money recklessly or wastefully

states’ rights political position in favor of limiting federal power to allow the greatest possible self-government by the individual states

statesman political leader who acts out of concern for the public good and not out of self-interest

supply and demand the two factors that determine price in an economy based on private property; supply is how much of a commodity is available and demand is how many people want it






Thomas Pinckney South Carolina politician and diplomat who was an unsuccessful Federalist candidate for president in 1796

Trinity Christian belief that God consists of three divine persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit

Twelfth Amendment 1804 constitutional amendment that provides for separate balloting in the Electoral College for president and vice president






Unitarianism religion that denies the Trinity, teaching that God exists in only one person; it also stresses individual freedom of belief and the free use of reason in religion

urbanization growth of cities; includes the shifting of the population from rural to urban areas






Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1798 statements that asserted the right of states to overrule the federal government; issued in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts






William Clark soldier and explorer who joined Meriwether Lewis as co-leader on the expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase; responsible for mapmaking






XYZ affair diplomatic incident in which American envoys to France were told that the US would have to loan France money and bribe government officials as a precondition for negotiation