Anne Hutchinson religious leader banished from Massachusetts in 1637 because of her criticism of the colonial government and what were judge to be heretical beliefs






Bacon’s Rebellion revolt by backcountry farmers and planters against the colonial government of Virginia, led by Nathaniel Bacon; it was triggered by unfair tax policies and conflict with the Indians






charismatic having spiritual power or personal quality that stirs enthusiasm and devotion in large numbers of people

Church of England Protestant church established in the 16th century by King Henry VIII as England’s official church; also called the Anglican church

Commonwealth republic established after Oliver Cromwell’s victory in the English civil war in 1649; lasted until the monarchy was restored in 1660






demographic disaster outcome of a high death rate and an unbalanced ratio of men to women in the Chesapeake colonies

Dominion of New England mega-colony created in 1686 by James II that brought Massachusetts, Plymouth Plantations, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and New York under the control of one royal governor; William and Mary dissolved the Dominion when they came tot he throne in 1688






egalitarianism belief in human equality

entrepreneur person who organizes and manages a business enterprise that involves risk and requires initiative






femme covert “covered woman”; a legal term for a married woman; this legal status limited women’s rights, denying them the right to sue or be sued, own or sell property, or earn wages






Glorious Revolution term used to describe the removal of James II from the English throne and the crowning of Protestant monarchs, William and Mary

Great Migration movement of Puritans from England to America in the 1630s, caused by political and religious unrest in England

guerilla tactics method of warfare in which small bands of fighters in occupied territory harass and attack their enemies, often in surprise raids; the Indians used these tactics during King Philip’s War






Half-Way Covenant 1662 agreement that gave partial membership in Puritan churches to the children of church members even if they had not had a “saving faith” experience

head right system grant of 50 acres of land for each settler brought over to Virginia by a colonist

heretic person who does not behave in accordance with an established attitude, doctrine, or principle, usually in religious matters

hierarchy system in which people or things are ranked above one another

House of Burgesses elected lawmaking body of Virginia, established by the Virginia Company in 1618; the assembly first met in 1619






indentured servants compulsory service for a fixed period of time, usually 4 to 7 years, most often agreed to in exchange for passage to the colonies






Jacob Leisler led a revolt in New York in 1689 against royal officials representing the Dominion of New England; he was executed as a traitor when he refused to surrender control of the colony to a governor appointed by William and Mary

James Oglethorpe English philanthropist who established the colony of Georgia in 1732 as a refuge for debtors

Jamestown 1st permanent English settlement in mainland America, established in 1607 by the Virginia Company and named in honor of King James I

John Coode leader of a rebel army, the Protestant Association, that won control of Maryland in 1691

John Winthrop one of the founders of Massachusetts Bay Colony and the colony’s first governor

joint-stock company business financed through the sale of shares of stocks to investors who share in both the profits and the losses from a risky venture






magistrate civil officer charged with administering the law

Mayflower Compact agreement drafted in 1620 when the Pilgrims reached America that granted political rights to all male colonists who would abide by the colony’s laws

Metacomet Wampanoag chief, known to the English as King Philip, who led the Indian resistance to colonial expansion in New England in 1675






original sin in Christian doctrine, the condition of sinfulness that all humans share because of Adam and Eve’s disobedience of God in the Garden of Eden






pacifism opposition to war or violence of any kind

Parliament lawmaking branch of the English government; composed of the House of Lords, representing England’s nobility, and the House of Commons, an elected body of untitled English citizens

patronage jobs or favors distributed on a political basis, usually as rewards for loyalty or service

Pequot War conflict in 1637 between the Pequot Indians inhabiting eastern Connecticut and the colonists of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut; the Indians were destroyed and driven from the area

Pilgrims small group of separatists who left England in search of religious freedom and sailed to America on the Mayflower in 1620

Presbyterians members of a Protestant sect that eventually became the established church of Scotland but in the 17th century was sometimes persecuted by Scotland’s rulers

property requirement limitation of voting rights to citizens who own certain kinds or amounts of property






Quakers members of the Society of Friends, a radical Protestant sect that believed in the equality of men and women, pacifism, and the presence of a divine “inner light” in every individual






Restoration era following the return of monarchy to England, beginning in 1660 with King Charles II and ending in 1688 with the exile of King James II

Roger Williams Puritan minister banished from Massachusetts for criticizing its religious rules and government policies; in 1636, he founded Providence, a community based on religious freedom and the separation of church and state






sainthood full membership in a Puritan church

separatists English Protestants who chose to leave the Church of England because they believed it was corrupt

Squanto Patuxet Indian who taught the Pilgrims survival techniques in America and acted as translator for the colonists

staple crop basic or necessary agricultural item produced for sale or export

suffrage the right to vote






William Bradford separatist who led the Pilgrims to America; he became the first governor of Plymouth Plantations

William Penn English Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681






yeoman independent landowner entitled to suffrage