Tribalism refers to subnational and transnational identities and communities. In other words, a community might be seen as tribal if it defines itself in terms of a bordered space that falls entirely within the larger physical borders of a nation-state. Somewhat paradoxically, a community might be seen as tribal if it defines itself culturally (and ideologically) in a way that supercedes and transcends nation-states; it may have pockets of members all over the world. Although some use the word tribalism pejoratively (to mean the most extreme and violently exclusive form of nationalism or community), many use it descriptively or even with praise to celebrate communities that have survived oppression or even genocide.

In Beyond Borders:  See Benjamin Barber, "Jihad vs. McWorld"; and Image 12, Santa Fe Railroad Calendar Art, "The Indian Detour." 

In Beyond Borders Online: See Web Research Activities, "Democracy, Difference, and Globalization" and "Virtual Tourism."

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