basic research  creation of new knowledge
closed system  a standard’s being available only to the innovator
development  turning research into viable products
diversification  producing more than one product in order to enhance profits or reduce risk of loss
open system  a standard’s being available to everyone
personalized selling  the practice of customizing a good or service or price to each customer
positive feedback or positive network externalities  the benefits of one person’s joining a network’s being enjoyed by all its members
standards war  two or more incompatible technologies’ being rivals for a standard
tipping point  the point at which an event turns into an epidemic