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I. The Nature of Motivation

A. The Importance of Motivation
B. The Motivational Framework
C. Needs and Motives in Organizations

II. Historical Perspectives on Motivation

A. Early Views of Motivation
B. The Scientific Management Approach
C. The Human Relations Approach

III. Need Theories of Motivation

A. The Hierarchy of Needs
B. ERG Theory

IV. The Dual-Structure Theory

A. Development of the Theory
B. Evaluation of the Theory

V. Other Important Needs

A. The Need for Achievement

1. Characteristics of High-Need Achievers
2. Consequences of Achievement
3. Achievement and Economic Development

B. The Need for Affiliation
C. The Need for Power

VI. Integrating the Need-Based Perspectives