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absenteeism Failure to show up for work.
affect A person's feelings toward something.
agreeableness A person's ability to get along with others.
attitudes A person's complexes of beliefs and feelings about specific ideas, situations, or other people.
attribution theory Suggests that we attribute causes to behavior based on observations of certain characteristics of that behavior. Employees observe their own behavior, determine whether it is a response to external or internal factors, and shape their future motivated behavior accordingly.
authoritarianism The belief that power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social systems such as organizations.
"big five" personality traits A set of fundamental traits that are especially relevant to organizations.
cognition The knowledge a person presumes to have about something.
cognitive dissonance The anxiety a person experiences when he or she simultaneously possesses two sets of knowledge or perceptions that are contradictory or incongruent.
conscientiousness The number of goals on which a person focuses.
contributions An individual's contributions to an organization include such things as effort, skills, ability, time, and loyalty.
creativity A person's ability to generate new ideas or to conceive of new perspectives on existing ideas.
dysfunctional behaviors Those that detract from organizational performance.
extraversion The quality of being comfortable with relationships; the opposite extreme, introversion, is characterized by more social discomfort.
incubation A period of less intense conscious concentration during which a creative person lets the knowledge and ideas acquired during preparation mature and develop.
individual differences Personal attributes that vary from one person to another.
inducements The tangible and intangible rewards provided by organizations to individuals.
insight The stage in the creative process when all the scattered thoughts and ideas that were maturing during incubation come together to produce a breakthrough.
intention A component of an attitude that guides a person's behavior.
job satisfaction The extent to which a person is gratified or fulfilled by his or her work.
locus of control The extent to which people believe their circumstances are a function of their own actions versus external factors beyond their control.
Machiavellianism A personality trait. People who possess this trait behave to gain power and to control the behavior of others.
negative affectivity People who possess this trait are generally downbeat and pessimistic, see things in a negative way, and seem to be in a bad mood.
negative emotionality Characterized by moodiness and insecurity; those who have little negative emotionality are better able to withstand stress.
openness The capacity to entertain new ideas and to change as a result of new information.
organizational citizenship The extent to which a person's behavior makes a positive overall contribution to the organization.
organizational commitment A person's identification with and attachment to an organization.
perception The set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information about the environment.
performance behaviors The total set of work-related behaviors that the organization expects the individual to display.
personality The relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one person from another.
person-job fit The extent to which the contributions made by the individual match the inducements offered by the organization.
positive affectivity People who possess this trait are upbeat and optimistic, have an overall sense of well-being, and see things in a positive light.
preparation Usually the first stage in the creative process. It includes education and formal training.
psychological contract A person's set of expectations regarding what he or she will contribute to the organization and what the organization, in return, will provide to the individual.
risk propensity The degree to which a person is willing to take chances and make risky decisions.
selective perception The process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs.
self-efficacy The extent to which we believe we can accomplish our goals even if we failed to do so in the past.
self-esteem The extent to which a person believes he or she is a worthwhile and deserving individual.
stereotyping The process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute.
turnover When people quit their jobs.
verification The final stage of the creative process where the validity or truthfulness of the insight is determined.
workplace behavior The pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness.