| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | Appendix A | Appendix B |

classical organization theory An early approach to management that focused on how organizations can be structured most effectively to meet their goals.
contingency perspective Suggests that, in most organizations, situations and outcomes are contingent on, or influenced by, other variables.
Hawthorne studies Conducted between 1927 and 1932, these studies led to some of the first discoveries of the importance of human behavior in organizations.
human relations Movement based on the assumption that employee satisfaction is a key determinant of performance. It marked the beginning of organizational behavior.
interactionalism Suggests that individuals and situations interact continuously to determine individuals' behavior.
organizational behavior The study of human behavior in organizational settings, the interface between human behavior and the organization, and the organization itself.
scientific management One of the first approaches to management. It focused on the efficiency of individual workers and assumed that employees are motivated by money.
system A set of interrelated elements functioning as a whole.
Theory X Concept described by Douglas McGregor indicating an approach to management that takes a negative and pessimistic view of workers.
Theory Y Concept described by Douglas McGregor reflecting an approach to management that takes a positive and optimistic perspective on workers.